Emergence of Modern Science Dr. Hoge

E=mc2

Electromagnetic Energy E = mc2

Particles and Waves What is a quantum particle? Photons Electrons What is a wave? What is a field?

So where does this leave us? Quantum Mechanics The discovery that waves have discrete energy packets (called quanta) that behave in a manner similar to particles led to the branch of physics that deals with atomic and subatomic systems which we today call quantum mechanics. It is the underlying mathematical framework of many fields of physics and chemistry. The foundations of quantum mechanics were established during the first half of the twentieth century by Werner Heisenberg Max Planck Louis de Broglie Albert Einstein Niels Bohr Erwin Schrödinger, It is currently necessary to use quantum mechanics to understand the behavior of systems at atomic length scales and smaller. Max Born John von Neumann Paul Dirac Wolfgang Pauli and others.

Unique Features of Quantum Mechanics Reductio ad absurdum? Planck’s Constant (6.63 X 10-34 joule-seconds) Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle Schroedinger’s Box Paradox Spooky Action at a Distance (entanglement)

Measurement Problem Quantum Particles (quanta of energy) Particle Wave Duality The Double-Slit Test

Uncertainty Quantum Attributes (properties of quantum particles) Position Spin Velocity Momentum Is the Moon really there if nobody is looking?

Probability Waves Probability Distributions Wave Functions Eigenstates (such as position and momentum) Wave Functions Wave Function Collapse

Spooky Action at a Distance Entanglement Quantum teleportation Quantum computing Faster than light communication Quantum Interrogation

Quantum Reality Copenhagen Interpretation Bohr-Einstein Debates Multiple Universe Interpretation Quantum Decoherence

Quiz 1. T or F, according the Heisenberg, wherever you go, there you are. 2. T or F, according to Schroedinger, you should own a dog instead of a cat. 3. T or F, according to Einstein, ghosts exist only at a distance. 4. T or F, in a different reality, I’m a duck. 5. T or F, beam me up Scotty!

Test Questions Every object that occupies space has mass. Inertia is the tendency of mass to stay at rest or remain in motion unless acted on by an outside force. Any mass will retain its state of rest or its state of uniform straight-line motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force. A force is a push or a pull; F=ma; The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it inversely to the mass of the object. p = mv; Momentum is Conserved; Impulse = Ft For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction (Newton’s 3rd Law). Reaction pairs are specific and unique to each other. Friction is the earth’s reaction force to our pushing against it. Gravity (G) = M1XM2 / d2 Projectile motion is the result of the balance between straight line motion and gravity. An orbit is an example of projectile motion where the forces are balanced. Quantum mechanics describes the behavior of subatomic particles. At the quantum level, mass and energy are the same. Behavior at the quantum level is “strange” but true. Applications of Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principal, quantum entanglement, and quantum tunneling may lead to amazing future technology such as faster than light communication, quantum computing, and quantum teleportation. Once particles form atoms and molecules, however, they behave deterministically.