5.10 Extreme Weather Meteorology 40 Minutes References: -FTGU, pages 132, 144, 145, 148 to 154 -Air Command Weather Manual, Chapters 9 and 15 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnGJQqc4Pfc 40 Minutes

What type of weather is associated with a: a. cold front 5.10 Meteorology - Review What type of weather is associated with a: a. cold front cumulus clouds, high ceiling, turbulence, showers, good visibility b. warm front stratus cloud, low ceiling, smooth air, steady precipitation, restricted visibility What is an occluded front? When a cold front catches up to a warm front and the air mixes. Creates variable weather and a TROWAL. What clouds tell that a warm front is approaching? Cirrus, Cirrostratus, Altostratus, Nimbostratus, Stratus

5.10 Meteorology – Severe weather MTPs: Thunderstorms Requirements for Thunderstorms Stages of a Thunderstorm Thunderstorm Weather Hazards of a Thunderstorm Aircraft Icing Hazards of Squalls and Tornadoes

5.10 Meteorology – Thunderstorms The basic requirements for a thunderstorm to develop are: Unstable air A Lifting Force (generally convection) High Moisture Content When are they likely to occur? With the passage of a cold front From daytime heating – hot summer days Interesting Factoid: At any one time there are 1800 TS occurring world wide

Stages of a Thunderstorm 5.10 Meteorology – Thunderstorms Stages of a Thunderstorm Cumulus stage Mature stage Dissipating Stage

5.10 Meteorology – Thunderstorms Cumulus Stage: Strong updrafts prevail throughout the cell Usually no precipitation (yet…) Temperatures in the cloud are higher than surrounding air.

5.10 Meteorology – Thunderstorms Mature Stage: Updrafts of up to 6,000 feet per minute Downdrafts start in the middle, up to 2,500 ft/min Precipitation starts as water drops are too heavy for surrounding air to suspend any further Falling raindrops cause very large, fast downdrafts Downdrafts of up to 6,000 ft/min at this point Usually 15-20 minutes in duration, though may be as long as an hour.

5.10 Meteorology – Thunderstorms Dissipating Stage: Entire cell becomes an area of downdraft Precipitation Stops Cell loses its energy Indicated with the top of the cloud forming an anvil shape.

5.10 Meteorology – Thunderstorms

5.10 Meteorology – Thunderstorms They have very complex weather patterns; wind shear can be found on all sides of the storm As the thunderstorm matures, strong downdrafts develop and the cold air rushing down spreads out along the ground well in advance, undercutting the warm air - gust front.

5.10 Meteorology – Thunderstorms Macroburst: A severe and damaging downward rush of air with a diameter of 2 nautical miles or more is called a These can last up to 20 minutes Microbursts: A downward rush of air with a diameter less than 2 nautical miles and peak winds that last less than 5 minutes Downdrafts can have vertical speeds as great as 6,000ft/min, with horizontal wind speeds as high as 80 knots

5.10 Meteorology – Thunderstorm Hazards Lightning A discharge of electrical energy produced by a thunderstorm A positive charge collects on the top of the cloud while a negative charge exists on the bottom Thunder Created by the rapid increase of temperature (and therefore pressure) of the air around the lightning bolt Hail – can be crippling to a flying operation Icing – can occur at any level within the cloud (even when not in cloud!). Rain – can be very heavy at times Pressure variance – Altimeter reading errors

5.10 Meteorology – Thunderstorm Hazards AIRPLANE

5.10 Meteorology – Thunderstorm Hazards DON’T fly through a thunderstorm!!!!! Avoid landings and takeoffs near them Don’t fly under them Reduce speed at first indication of turbulence If you fly around one, stay at least 10-15 miles away, and fly around the right side

Aircraft Icing 5.10 Meteorology – Aircraft Icing Icing increases aircraft weight, drag, stall speed, and decreases lift Do not fly when there is any contamination to the critical surfaces of an aircraft Wings, Vertical/Horizontal Stabilizers, Control sufaces, Propeller Aircraft Icing In-Flight Hazards Surface Affect Control Surfaces Reduction in lift and controls may become frozen Canopy Reduced Visibility Antennas Blocked Transmissions Pitot/Static Tube Instrument Errors

5.10 Meteorology – Aircraft Icing Types of Icing 1. Frozen Dew A white semi-crystalline frost that covers the surface of the aircraft Frozen dew happens on cold clear winter nights Water vapour hits the surface of the aircraft and sublimation occurs

5.10 Meteorology – Aircraft Icing 2. Hoar Frost a white, feathery, crystalline formation that covers the entire surface of the aircraft Very similar to frozen dew The only difference is that hoar frost can happen during flight.

5.10 Meteorology – Aircraft Icing 3. Rime Ice An opaque, or milky white ice that accumulates on the leading edge of the wing, and on antennas It is formed by the almost instantaneous freezing of small supercooled water droplets This fast freezing causes air pockets to be trapped in the ice, giving the opaque quality.

5.10 Meteorology – Aircraft Icing 4. Clear Ice A heavy coating of glass like ice which forms over the entire surface (or a good portion of it) of a wing It is formed as large supercooled water droplets freeze slowly as they move rearward to cover the wing Most often occurs with temperatures between 0 - 10 °C

5.10 Meteorology – Squall Line Long line of squalls and thunderstorms which sometimes accompanies the passage of a cold front Usually associated with a fast moving cold front undercutting an unstable warm air mass May form anywhere from 50 to 300 nautical miles in advance of the front.

5.10 Meteorology – Tornadoes Violent, circular whirlpools of air associated with severe thunderstorms Very deep, concentrated low pressure areas Shaped like a funnel hanging out of the cumulonimbus cloud Dark in appearance due to dust and debris sucked in Diameter ranges from 100 feet to half a mile Move at speeds of 25 to 50 knots Wind speeds as great as 300 knots.

5.10 Meteorology – Confirmation 1. What 3 things are needed for thunderstorm to develop? ______________________________ 2. What are the 3 stages to a thunderstorm?

5.10 Meteorology – Confirmation 3. Name the following ice types 4. Where are squall lines found?