Educational intervention on physical restraint use in long-term care facilities – Systematic review and meta-analysis  Shao-Huan Lan, Li-Chin Lu, Shou-Jen Lan, Jong-Chen Chen, Wen-Jun Wu, Shen-Peng Chang, Long-Yau Lin  The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences  Volume 33, Issue 8, Pages 411-421 (August 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2017.05.012 Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Flowchart of the study selection process. The electronic searches found a total of 8051 records and 100 of additional snowball records; of these 57 full texts were retrieved for closer examination. A total of 16 articles were included in the final review and 10 randomize control trials published of studies included in meta-analysis. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 2017 33, 411-421DOI: (10.1016/j.kjms.2017.05.012) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Forest plot of physical restraint use. The health care staffs who received educational program intervention had significant change on reduce physical restraint use. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 2017 33, 411-421DOI: (10.1016/j.kjms.2017.05.012) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Meta-regression for post education (A), education period (B) and number of education times (C). Longer post education period, the effect of reduced physical restraint use was even less (β= 0.08, Q = 9.17, df = 1, p-value: 0.002) (Fig. 3A). Longer education period, the effect of reduced physical restraint use was stronger (β=−0.07, Q = 9.68, df = 1, p-value: 0.001) (Fig. 3B). More times of education, the effect of reduced physical restraint use was also stronger (β=−0.04, Q = 3.6, df = 1, p-value: 0.056) (Fig. 3C). The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 2017 33, 411-421DOI: (10.1016/j.kjms.2017.05.012) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions