Figure 1. Blue light inactivation of Acinetobacter baumannii and keratinocytes in vitro. Bars denote SDs. From: Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant.

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Figure 1. Blue light inactivation of Acinetobacter baumannii and keratinocytes in vitro. Bars denote SDs. From: Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infection in a Mouse Burn Model: Implications for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Combat-related Wound Infections J Infect Dis. 2013;209(12):1963-1971. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit842 J Infect Dis | © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Figure 2. Transmission electron microscope images of Acinetobacter baumannii cells. A, Untreated A. baumannii cells. B–D, Blue light–treated A. baumannii cells: severe cell wall damage (B; oval); cytoplasmic vacuole formation (C; arrows), intracellular structural discontinuation, bubble formation around the cell wall (C; asterisk); and significant leakage of intracellular substances (D). From: Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infection in a Mouse Burn Model: Implications for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Combat-related Wound Infections J Infect Dis. 2013;209(12):1963-1971. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit842 J Infect Dis | © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Figure 3. Fluorescence spectrum of Acinetobacter baumannii cell pellets from overnight culture dissolved in NaOH/sodium dodecyl sulfate. The excitation wavelength was 405 nm. Abbreviation: a.u, arbitrary units. From: Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infection in a Mouse Burn Model: Implications for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Combat-related Wound Infections J Infect Dis. 2013;209(12):1963-1971. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit842 J Infect Dis | © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Figure 4. A and B, Successive bacterial luminescence images of representative mouse burns infected with 10<sup>7</sup> colony-forming unites (CFU) of luminescent Acinetobacter baumannii, with (A) and without (B) blue light exposure. The blue light irradiance was 14.6 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>. Blue light was delivered 30 minutes after bacterial inoculation. In panel A, the 0′ bacterial luminescence image was taken immediately after bacterial inoculation; the 30′ image was taken 30 minutes after bacterial inoculation and just before blue light irradiation; the 1.80 J/cm<sup>2</sup>, 5.40 J/cm<sup>2</sup>, 12.6 J/cm<sup>2</sup>, 27.0 J/cm<sup>2</sup>, and 55.8 J/cm<sup>2</sup> images were taken immediately after 1.80 J/cm<sup>2</sup>, 5.40 J/cm<sup>2</sup>, 12.6 J/cm<sup>2</sup>, 27.0 J/cm<sup>2</sup>, and 55.8 J/cm<sup>2</sup> blue light had been delivered, respectively; and the day 1, day 2, and day 3 images were taken 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours after bacterial inoculation, respectively. In panel B, the 0′, 30′, 32′, 36′, 44′, 60′, and 92′ images were taken at the corresponding time points (in minutes) after bacterial inoculation, respectively; and the day 1, day 2, and day 3 images were taken 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours after bacterial inoculation, respectively. C, Dose responses of mean bacterial luminescence of mouse burns infected with 10<sup>7</sup> CFU of A. baumannii, with (n = 11 mice) and without (n = 9 mice) blue light exposure. Blue light was delivered 30 minutes after bacterial inoculation. Bars denote SDs. D, Time courses of mean bacterial luminescence of the infected mouse burns with (n = 11 mice) and without (n = 9 mice) blue light exposure. Bars denote SDs. E, Mean areas under the bacterial luminescence versus time curves in the 2-dimensional coordinate system in panel D, representing the overall bacterial burden of infected mouse burns. Bars denote SDs. Abbreviations: A.U, arbitrary units; RLU, relative luminescence units. From: Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infection in a Mouse Burn Model: Implications for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Combat-related Wound Infections J Infect Dis. 2013;209(12):1963-1971. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit842 J Infect Dis | © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Figure 5. A, efficiency of blue light inactivation of bacteria (expressed log<sub>10</sub> colony-forming units [CFU]) in different cycles of sublethal inactivation of bacteria by blue light, followed by bacterial regrowth. B, Bacterial inactivation curves of representative cycles (cycles 1, 6, and 9). Bars denote SDs. From: Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infection in a Mouse Burn Model: Implications for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Combat-related Wound Infections J Infect Dis. 2013;209(12):1963-1971. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit842 J Infect Dis | © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Figure 6. TUNEL analyses of DNA damage in mouse skin biopsy specimens exposed to blue light at a single exposure of 195 J/cm<sup>2</sup> (original magnification, 100×). Skin samples were taken before and 0 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours after blue light exposure. Immunofluorescence of fluorescein and DAPI are represented by green and blue pseudocolor, respectively. DAPI was used for nuclear counterstain. Ovals denote TUNEL-positive cells. From: Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infection in a Mouse Burn Model: Implications for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Combat-related Wound Infections J Infect Dis. 2013;209(12):1963-1971. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit842 J Infect Dis | © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.