East and Southeast Asia and Oceania

Where Понятие синосферы

Where

Families Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Tibeto-Burman (probably not a single branch): Newari, Tibetan, Burmese… Упомянуть про сино-кавказскую гипотезу. Классификации внутри сино-тибетских сильно различаются. В частности, тибето-бирманские сейчас уже часто не объединяются. Китайский (нет мандаринского! Есть пекинский!) Активно изучаемые ныне гималайские языки – строго говоря, не генетическое объединение.

Families Tai-Kadai Thai Lao … Карта из Википедии

Families Austroasiatic Munda (Santali, Mundari, …) Mon-Khmer (Khmer, Vietnamese, …) Nikobarese Сантали – больше 4 млн, мундари – 750 тыс Никобарцы – не пускают индийцы + сами избегают контактов. Около четверти погибло во время цунами в 2004 году.

Families Hmong-Mien (Miao-Yao) Andamanese (at least two families) Андаманские –около 400 чел.

Families Austronesian North Taiwan, Hawaii West Madagascar East Easter Island South New Zealand NB: + periphery (Surinamese-Javanese, Sri Lanka Malay, etc.)

Families Austronesian

Families Австронезийская The largest best-established family in the world Ethnologue: 1254 Glottolog: 1274 Comparative Austronesian Dictionary (1995): 1202 Robert Blust, Ulo Sirk: 825 The only large family which is spoken mostly on islands 3-10 primary branches in Taiwan + 1 branch outside of Taiwan (Malayo-Polynesian) Tagalog, Malagasy, Malay, Javanese…

Structural types within the Austronesian family Philippine type Indonesian (Malay) type East Indonesian type? Oceanic type? Other types? Океанийский у нас иногда выделяют, но то, что описывают – почти исключительно полинезийские языки Филиппинский - исходный

Oceanic languages Basic typological characteristics Relatively small phoneme inventories, yet often with complex vowel sytems Marquesan Analytical tendencies Agglutination closer to isolation Тенденция к аналитизму, возможно, переоценена. В Меланезии встречаются вполне себе сложные языки.

Oceanic languages Basic typological characteristics Mostly head marking, but analytical cases in Polynesian languages Mostly accusative alignment, but ergative alignment in Polynesian languages Word order SVO, (SOV), VSO, VOS, TVX prepositions, postposed attributes SOV – влияние папуасских TVX – Topic Verb Other

Oceanic languages Basic typological characteristics Possessive constructions: inalienability, possessive/relational classifiers Browb, D. & B. Palmer. Heads in Oceanic indirect possession

Oceanic languages Typologically interesting phenomena Transitivization by means of a specific marker (even with typical transitive verbs – extraversive derivation) Tolai (after Lehmann & Verhoeven 2006)

Oceanic languages Typologically interesting phenomena Syntactic incorporation / pseudo-incorporation Tonga(Mithun 1984) a. Na’e inu ‘a e kava ‘e Sione PST drink ABS LNK kava ERG John ‘John drank the kava’ b. Na’e inu kava ‘a Sione PST пить кава ABS Джон ‘John kava-drank’

Oceanic languages Typologically interesting phenomena Multiple expression of negation Lewo (Vanuatu) – 3 markers!!! Also in serial constructions / complex predicates Paamese (Vanuatu) ИСТОЧНИК ПРИМЕРА!!!

Philippine type Predicate-initial sentences Weak contrast between nouns and verbs Tagalog (Gil 1993: 394) (1) Pinatay ang bangkero pt:pfv-kill nom boatman The boatman was killed. (2) pulubi ang bumalik beggar nom at:pfv-return The one who returned is a beggar.

Philippine type Multiple voices Tagalog: at least four voices Ср. примеры из Foley 2007 (in: Voice and Grammatical Relations in Austronesian languages)

Philippine type Ср. примеры из Foley 2007 (in: Voice and Grammatical Relations in Austronesian languages)

Philippine type Active as a marked voice Is there subject? Ergativity? Symmetrical system?

China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond Consonant systems are not very rich, but rich vocal systems Often due to complex tonal systems Not only tones, but also other phonetic processes (creaky or breathy phonation or some kind of glottal constriction) Tonogenesis: due to the loss of consonants Kam/Dong (Tai-Kadai) is sometimes thought to have 15 tones Contour tone systems (rising and falling pitch)

China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond «Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den» - a poem in Classical Chinese which should be read in Modern Chinese as consisting word that differ only in their tones « Shī Shì shí shī shǐ »Shíshì shīshì Shī Shì, shì shī, shì shí shí shī.Shì shíshí shì shì shì shī.Shí shí, shì shí shī shì shì.Shì shí, shì Shī Shì shì shì.Shì shì shì shí shī, shì shǐ shì, shǐ shì shí shī shìshì.Shì shí shì shí shī shī, shì shíshì.Shíshì shī, Shì shǐ shì shì shíshì.Shíshì shì, Shì shǐ shì shí shì shí shī.Shí shí, shǐ shí shì shí shī shī, shí shí shí shī shī.Shì shì shì shì. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vExjnn_3ep4

China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond Monosyllabic Typically one morpheme = one syllable No morphemes smaller than a syllable Close to the isolating ideal Vietnamese, Classical Chinese are the canons of the isolating type Exception: Munda (polysynthetic)

China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond Analytical SVO, right branching (with the exception of Sinitic) Mostly accusative alignment (but ergativity in Himalayan languages)

China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond Areal feature: numeral classifiers (correlates with the optionality of the number category) Standard Indonesian dua ekor buaya ‘two crocodiles’ two TAIL crocodile dua buah ekor buaya ‘two crocodile tails’ two FRUIT tail crocodile Noun classes? Нbut Burmese:

China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond “Languages without grammar” Word order does not help to distinguish between different roles/grammatical relations Word order mostly correlates with the information structure. Given information (including NPs denoting participants which are already known) is normally omitted. The pervasive role of the context and lexical information in distinguishing between different participants. Пример: Bisang из УДД – but hidden grammatical complexity Риау-индонезийский – ещё один язык без грамматики.

China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond “Languages without grammar” Lao Enfield (The Oxford Handbook of Case)

China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond “Languages without grammar” No obligatory grammatical categories such as Number, Tense, etc. (grammatical markers are optional) The same items may appear as full-fledged lexemes in some contexts and as grammatical markers in other contexts without overt traces of grammaticalization In Khmer, the verb ‘give’ can be used as a marker of benefactive, causative or introduce an adverbial clause Пример: Bisang из УДД

China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond “Languages without grammar” Parts-of-speech often appear in unexpected functions, but not like in the Philippines. Widespread conversion? Пример: Bisang из УДД

China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond “Languages without grammar” Li, Thompson: Topic-prominence: Subject is not as important for the grammar as Topic is. Mandarin Chinese Пример: Li, Thompson