بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

أ.م.د/هالة مصطفى احمد استاذ مساعد الفيزياء

ميثاق المحاضرة covenant

Overall aims of course: Aim of course is to provide the students with the principle knowledge about the UNITS AND DIMENTIONS, NEWTON's LAW OF MOTION, WORK AND ENERGY , also this course will provide the students by the valuable information about the bio ELASTICITY,FLUIDS SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION and THERMODYNAMICSthat will enable them to gain the skills in the field of experimental physics and so push them for constructing and developing a simple tools depending on that basic knowledge.  

الفيزياء Physics المخرجات التعليمية المستهدفة من مقرر الفيزياء Intended learning outcomes of course(ILO’s)

Intended learning outcomes of course(ILO’s) 1-Define the basic theory of physics. 2-Understanding of physical phenomena in physical sciences. 3-Able to specialize within the various theoretical and experimental fields of physics. 4-Describe various aspects of physics. 5-Application of heat transfer

Intended learning outcomes of course(ILO’s) 6-Know the mechanisms of thermal energy 7-Use the applications of electricity 8-Explain the Stress &Strain can be classified 9-Arrange the Mechanical Tests 10-Use Hooks Low 11-Classify Elastic coefficients

Distribution of Physics Syllabus First Term- First Year Weekly plan: 3 Hours

Assessment schedule: Assessment 1: Assessment 2: Assessment 3: Quiz /end chapter(1-2-3)/week 5 Assessment 2: One search/half year/week 8 Assessment 3: Sheet practical exam/end practices/week 10 Assessment 4: Midterm/midyear )/week 10 Assessment 5: Final exam/first term year)/week 16

Weighing of Assessments Final – Exam 60 % Mid-Term Exam 15 % Practical Exam 10% Copy book attendance 5% Sheets 5% Research 5 % -------------------------------------------- Total 100 %

Learning materials 1-Text book: Serway R. & Jewett J., “Physics for Scientists and Engineers” 6th Ed. Thomson Brook/Cole 2004. David Halliday, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker, Fundamentals of Physics Extended, 8th edition, ISBN: 978-0-471-75801-3 Wiley 2007 2-Useful Web sites: www.Science physics.org www.Physics.auburn.edu www.yahoo.com/science/physics

Introduction علم الفيزياء هو علم تجريبي يهتم بكشف أسرار الطبيعة، فكل شيء نعرفه عن هذا الكون وعن القوانين التي تحكمه تم التوصل إليها عن طريق القياسات والملاحظات لأي ظاهرة Science of measurements طبيعية. ويعرف علم الفيزياء أيضاً بأنه علم القياس يقول العالم الشهير كلفن "عندما تستطيع قياس ما تتكلم عنه وتعبر عنه بالأرقام فإنك إذا تعرف شيئاً عنه، ولكنها عندما لا تستطيع التعبير عنه بالأرقام فإن معرفتك في هذه الحالة غير كافية ولكن تعتبر البداية".

UNITS AND DIMENTIONS 1- The physical quantities:- Physical quantities are the building blocks of the physical science. The laws of physics are expressed as relationships between the physical quantities. فإنه يجب أولا أن نعرف طريقة قياس Physical Quantity لتعريف الكمية الفيزيائية هذه الكمية أو طريقة حسابها رياضياً من كميات أخرى. مثال : المسافة والزمن بواسطة وصف الطريقة التي يمكن أن نقيس كلاً منهما، وبالتالي يمكن تعريف سرعة جسم متحرك بواسطة حساب حاصل قسمة المسافة على الزمن. في هذه الحالة فإن كلاً من المسافة والزمن هما كميتان فيزيائيتان أساسيتان بينما السرعة فهي كمية .Derived Physical Quantity فيزيائية مشتقة

Units Physical quantities have two types الكميات الفيزيائية لها نوعان 1-Fundamental quantities. كميات اساسية 2-Derived quantities. كميات مشتقة

1-The fundamental quantities (The length (L), the mass (M), and the time (T)). الكميات الأساسية الثلاثة : طول L كتلة M الوقت T

2-Derived quantities which are expressed in terms of the fundamental quantities. كميات التي يتم التعبير عنها من حيث الكميات الأساسية المشتقة.

2-Derived quantities. كميات مشتقة Examples of derived quantities:- Examples of the physical quantities are speed, displacement, velocity, acceleration, linear momentum, force, angular velocity, angular momentum, torque, work, energy, temperature, volume, density, electric charge, electric potential, electric current, أمثلة على الكميات الفيزيائية المشتقة هي السرعة، والازحة، والسرعة، العجلة، القوة، السرعة الزاوية، عزم الدوران، الطاقة،درجة الحرارة، الحجم الكثافة، الشحنة الكهربائية، تيار كهربائي.

Three systems of units are most commonly used in science and engineering انظمة الوحدات (1) The International System of Units (SI system). النظام الدولي In this system we have the following units:- the length has unit of meter (m), the mass has unit of kilogram (kg), the time has unit of second (S). (2) The Gaussian System of Units (CGS system). في المعمل the length has unit of centimetre (cm), the mass has unit of gram (gm), the time has unit of second ( s ). (3) The British system of units (FPS system). the length has unit of foot (ft), the mass has unit of pound...... (p), the time has unit of second (s).

Some useful conversions تعتبر وحدة قياس المسافة (الكيلومتر) كبيرة في بعض الأحيان فمثلاً لقياس طول غرفة الدراسة أو قياس مسافة عرض الشارع فإنه يمكن استخدام وحدات مشتقة مثل المتر أوالسنتمتر أو الميليمتر، أما في حالة قياس مسافات ذرية فإننا نستخدم وحدات أصغر مثل الأنجسترم. الجدول التالي يوضح قيمة وحدات المسافة المشتقة بالمتر.

Prefixes for Power of ten كثيراً ما تكون الوحدات الأساسية (الكيلومتر والكيلوجرام والثانية) إما صغيرة أو كبيرة نسبة لما نقوم بقياسه من كميات فيزيائية لذا فقد تم تسمية وحدات عملية أخري موضحة في الجدول التالي:

Dimensions 1-Fundamental quantities. أي كمية فيزيائية لها وحدة يكون لها ابعاد 2-Derived quantities.

Dimensions 1-Fundamental quantities

NOTE: [L] .[L]= [L2] [L] +[L]= [L] [L] -[L]= [L2] [L] /[L]= 1

Dimensions 2-Derived quantities 1-velocity [v]=dx/dt [v] =L/T ms-1 2- acceleration a=dv/dt [a] =L/T/T =LT-2 ms-2

Dimensions 2-Derived quantities 3-Force F=ma [F] =MLT-2 الكتلة=القوةx العجلة kgms-2 = Newton 4- Work W=F.S [W]=MLT-2.L=ML2T-2 العجلة =السرعة/الزمن kgm2s-2 = joul

Dimensions 2-Derived quantities 5-Torque t=F.d [t] =MLT-2.L [t] =ML2T-2 kgm2s-2 6- Pressure P=F/A [P]=MLT-2/L2=ML-1T-2 Kgm-1s-2 = pa

Dimensions 2-Derived quantities 7-Momentum p=mv [p] =MLT-1 kgm1s-1 8- Angular momentum =mvr =MLT-1.L=ML2T-1 Kgm2s-1

Dimensions 2-Derived quantities 9-Power P=W/t [P] =ML2T-2/T [P] =ML2T-3 kgm2s-3 =W 10- Angular velocity ω =v/r [ω]=LT-1/L=L Rad /s

Dimensions 2-Derived quantities 11-Potential energy =work [P] =ML2T-2 kgm2s-2 =J 12-Kinetic energy =work [K] =ML2T-2

Dimensions 2-Derived quantities 13-Electric potential =work/charge [V] =ML2T-2/Q =Q-1ML2T-2 C-1kgm2s-2 14-Electrical resistance [R] =Electrical potential/electric current [R]=Q-1ML2T-2/Q/T C-2kgm2s-1

Dimensions 2-Derived quantities 15-Surface tension [T] =F/l [T]=ML2T-2/L =MT-2 Kg.s-2 16-Area [A] =[L2] m2

Dimensions 2-Derived quantities 17-volume [V] =[L3] m3 18-Spring constant [K] =F/X =MLT-2/L MT-2

Dimensions 2-Derived quantities 19-frequency [f] =1/T [f] =T-1 S-1 20-Angular acceleration [α] =a/r =LT-2/L =T-2 rad/s2

Dimensional analysis Uses of Dimensions analysis: 1-Check the correction of any equation. اختبار صحة المعادلة 2-To deduce the equation (Laws). استنتاج القوانين أي كمية فيزيائية لها وحدة يكون لها ابعاد

Derive the dimensions of a physical quantity Derivation of physical formulas and expressions. Check the correctness of formula or expression. We use the fact that in equations and formulas the left hand side (LHS) must have the same dimensions as the right hand side (RHS) . للتأكد من صحة المعادلات والعلاقات Dimensional Analysis تستخدم تحليل الأبعاد الرياضية المشتقة في الفيزياء حيث أن وحدة الطرف الأيمن للمعادلة يجب أن يساوي وحدة الطرف الأيسر للمعادلة، وإلا فإن المعادلة غير صحيحة.

Important Derived Quantities

SHEET (1) PROPERTIES OF MATTER (2015-2016) 1-The potential energy function for the force in a diatomic molecule is given by U=(a/ X4)- ( b/X2)Where x is the separation between the two atoms the dimensions of a and b are constant. a)ML6T2 , ML4T2 b) ML2T2, MT2 c) ML3T2, MLT2 d) ML3T , ML1T2 e)non of these. 2-The quantity a/volume has the dimensions of pressure .Then (a) has the dimensions formula: a)M1L2T2 b) ML2T-2 c) M1L3T-2 d) M1L5T2 e) M-1L2T-2 3-Given that : α = a/1-bω where α is angular acceleration and ω is the angular velocity the dimensions of a are -----------and the dimensions of b are---------------

SHEET (1) PROPERTIES OF MATTER (2015-2016) 4-Given that E=mgh/a-bω2 where E energy, m mass gravitational acceleration h height and ω angular velocity. The dimensions of a are ----------------and the dimensions of b---------------------- 5- The dimensions of the spring constant k is: a)M-1L-2T6 b) M6L-1T1 c) M -1L-1T-1 d) M1L6T2 e) MT-2 6- The dimensions of the potential energy is: a) L2M1T-3 b) L-3M-1T2 c) L2M1T-2 d) L-2M-1T2 e) L-3M-1T-2 7- The dimensions of the angular kinetic energy is: a) M LT1 b) M L3T2 c) M L2T-2 d) M3 L1T2

SHEET (1) PROPERTIES OF MATTER (2015-2016) 8- The SI unit of angular momentum is ---------------and its dimension is------ 9- The SI unit of power is ---------------and its dimension is------- 10- The SI unit of universal gravitational constant G is ---------------and its dimension is--- 11- The SI unit of angular velocity is----------and its dimension is------- 12-The dimensions of the Power (F x v) is: a) M1 L1 T-2 b) M1 L2T-2 c) M1 L1T-3 d)M1L2T-3 13-During a short interval of time, the speed v in m/s of an automobile is given by v = at 2+bt 3, where the time it is in seconds. The units of a and b are respectively: a) ms2; ms4 b) S3/m;S4/m c) m/s3; m/s4 d) m/S2;m/s4

SHEET (1) PROPERTIES OF MATTER (2015-2016) 14- The dimensions of the coefficient of the surface tension ( T= F / L) is .a) MT-2 b) M1 LOT-1 c) M1 L1T-1. d)· M1 LOT-3 15- The dimensions of the Bulk modulus ∆p/(-∆V/V) is: a)M1L-1T2 b) M1L-3T-3 c) M -1L-2T3 d) M L-1T-2

SHEET (1) PROPERTIES OF MATTER (2015-2016) 16- The equation of state of some gases can be expressed as (P + a/v2 )(V - b) = RT, where the symbols have their usual meaning ( P: pressure, V: volume, R: universal gas constant, T: temperature). The dimension of "a" is: a)ML-2T2 b) ML5T-2 c) T6 d) M L6T-2 e) M2 L-2T2 f)non of these 17- Check the following equation x +vot+1/2at. 18-Apply the dimensional analysis to derive an expression for the frequency of vibration (f) of separated wire of length (L) mass per unit length (µ) and under tension (F).fαLx fαµy fαFz L length of wire ,µ =M/L (liner density) ,F tension in the wire.

SHEET (1) PROPERTIES OF MATTER (2015-2016) 19-Show whether or not the following physical relations are correct from the dimensional point of view. a)Force = mass x acceleration b)Torque = energy x time c)Angular momentum = force x time 20-Newtons law of universal gravitational is represented by F = G m1m2/r2 where F is the magnitude of gravitational forces exerted between two masses m1 and m2 and r is distance between the centers of the two masses. What are the units and dimensions of the proportionality constant G?

ميثاق أخلاقيات المهنة

Motion in Uniform Circular Motion One of the important motions in two dimensions (motion in plane) is the uniform circular motion. In which a particle moves on the circumference of a circle of constant radius with uniform linear speed. When an object moves in uniform circular motion, its linear speed is constant, but its velocity vector v is continuously changing in direction. Because the velocity is a vector quantity, there are two ways in which acceleration can be produced: (by a change in the magnitude of the velocity (this produces linear acceleration) and by a change in direction of the velocity (this produces centripetal acceleration). احد من الاقتراحات الهامة في بعدين (الحركة؟ في الطائرة) هي حركة دائرية موحدة. فيه الجسيمات؟ التحركات على محيط دائرة نصف قطرها ثابت؟ مع سرعة خطية موحدة. عندما ينتقل الكائن في حركة دائرية موحدة، وسرعته الخطية ثابتة، ولكن لها ناقل السرعة ضد تتغير باستمرار في الاتجاه. لأن السرعة هي كمية متجهة، هناك نوعان من الطرق التي تسارع يمكن أن تنتج: (عن طريق تغيير في حجم سرعة (وهذا ينتج تسارع الخطي) وتغيير في اتجاه سرعة (وهذا ينتج تسارع الجاذبية) .

linear constant من الممكن أن يتحرك جسم على مسار دائري بسرعة خطية ثابتة قد يخطر لنا الآن أن العجلة في هذه الحالة تساوى صفراً، وذلك لأن السرعة .speed ثابتة، وهذا غير صحيح لأن الجسم يتحرك على مسار دائري لذا توجد عجلة. ولشرح ذلك نحن نعلم أن السرعة كمية متجه، والعجلة هي عبارة عن كمية متجه لأنه ا تساوى معدل التغير في السرعة بالنسبة للزمن، والتغير في السرعة قد يكون في المقدار أو في الاتجاه. وفي حالة حركة الجسم على مسار دائري فإن العجلة لا تؤثر على مقدار السرعة إنما تغير من اتجاه السرعة، ولهذا فإن الجسم يتحرك على مسار دائري وبسرعة ثابتة. يكون متجه السرعة دائما عمودي اً على نصف القطر وفى اتجاه المماس عند أية نقطة على المسار الدائري كما في . الشكل

For an object moving in uniform circular motion of radius R with constant linear speed v, there is centripetal acceleration only. This acceleration is given by: a = v2/R The centripetal acceleration is always directed to the centre. The frequency v: is the number of complete revolutions (cycles) per unit time v= 1/T Since the body makes an angle of 2π in one complete cycle then: ω= 2 π /T The angular velocity: In the circular motion the angular velocity is defined as the rate of consuming angle. If the body makes an angle θ in time t :

ω= θ /t The period T: It is the time for one complete cycle or one complete rotation. In one complete cycle the body moves a distance of 2πR. Therefore the linear speed v is given by: v =2 π R / T From this we see that: v = ω R   The relation between the centripetal acceleration and the' angular speed is now given by: a = ω2 R

∆v/∆r = v /r ∆v = v/r∆ r A particle moving in a circle of radius r with constant speed v is in uniform circular motion   Divide both sides by ∆t ∆v/∆t = v∆r /r∆t ac = v2 r If a particle moves .along a curved path in such a way that both the magnitude and the .direction of v change in time, then the particle has an acceleration vector. that can. be described by two component· vectors: (1) a radial component vector a, that causes the change in direction of v and "(2) a tangential . Component vector at that causes the change in magnitude of v. The magnitude of a, is v2/r, and the magnitude of at is dlvl/dt.