The Lymphatic / Immune System

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Presentation transcript:

The Lymphatic / Immune System Biology Unit 8 Powerpoint #7

Lymphatic System: Purpose: Transports a watery fluid called lymph. This fluid distributes immune cells throughout the body. It drains fluid from cells and tissues

Lymphatic System: Functions: Collect and return fluids, including blood plasma, to the blood, maintaining fluid homeostasis. Defends the body against disease by producing lymphocytes. Absorbs lipids from the intestine, and transports them to the blood.

Why do we need the Lymphatic System? Every 24 hours the circulatory system slowly leaks 3 liters of blood. Average adult has ~100,000 miles of blood vessels if you were to stretch them out in a line! The earth’s Circumference is 25,000 miles long!

Lymphatic System: Structures: white blood cells (lymphocytes) Bone marrow Thymus Spleen Tonsils lymph nodes lymph vessels

Lymph / Lymph Vessels Lymph: fluid and protein that has been squeezed out of the blood (blood plasma). Vessels: A network of permeable capillaries and vessels that lymph drains into.

Lymph Vessels The lymph system is one-way, draining lymph from tissue, back to the blood. Lymph movement depends on smooth muscle action, and skeletal system movement.

Lymph Nodes: Filters Lymph as is travels in the lymph vessels. White blood cells are located within the lymph nodes. Bean-shaped, size ranges from 3mm to 2cm. Can become enlarged due to infection. A combination burglar alarm and West Point. They guard against intruders, but also train the ‘military’ to fight.

White Blood Cells Bone marrow produces lymphocytes Normally in blood, but can be found at any location. Re-enter blood circulation through lymph vessels. Fight foreign invaders (microorganisms) Some last 2-5 days, others last for years.

Thymus: Location of the development of T-cell lymphocytes.

Spleen: Fist-sized mass of lymphatic tissue that destroys old or damaged red blood cells and platelets.

Immune System & Disease Disease- any change that disrupts normal body functions (other than injury) Causes- Bacteria viruses fungi environmental factors (smoke, lead, pesticides) genetically inherited (hemophilia, Down's Syndrome)

Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms Germ Theory of Disease Proposed by Louis Pasteur & Robert Koch Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms

Agents of Disease Virus- tiny particles that invade & replicate within living cells Is not alive, only a piece of DNA or RNA bound in a protective coat

Agents of Disease Bacteria- single celled organisms (prokaryotic) Most don’t cause disease Those that cause disease attack cells directly or produce toxins that harm cells

Agents of Disease Protists- tiny single celled organisms that spread via insects, blood, food, or water Examples: Malaria, Sleeping sickness, traveler’s diarrhea

Agents of Disease Worms-- flatworms & roundworm eggs that grow inside other organisms Examples: Schistosoma Ascaris tapeworm

Agents of Disease Fungi– most are harmless Tinea attacks the skin causes athlete’s foot & ringworm

Spread of Disease Coughing, sneezing, or physical contact Contaminated food & water Animals

Fighting Infectious Disease 1. Antibiotics– compounds that kill bacteria without harming host cells Many are produced naturally by organisms (like mold creates penicillin) discovered by Alexander Fleming 2. Antiviral drugs– inhibit their ability to invade cells 3. Rest & fluids so your own immune system can work well!

The Immune System Immunity- fighting off disease before it actually makes you ill 2 categories: Specific- targeted for 1 disease Nonspecific- general line of defense against anything

Defense First line of defense Skin Layers of dead cells are hard to penetrate Oil and sweat  acidic environment kills many bacteria Mucus: traps dirt and pathogens Stomach acid: destroys pathogens Secretions (tears, sweat): lysozyme breaks down cell walls of bacteria

2nd line of defense Inflammatory response– Phagocytes (white blood cells) go to site of injury to engulf foreign agents 2. Fever can slow down growth or stop growth of some pathogens (also ‘s heart rate to get WBC’s to site faster) 3. Interferon proteins help cells resist viruses by slowing down their replication in cells

II. Specific Defenses Humoral Immunity Antigen: molecule on the surface of foreign cells that causes an immune response Antibody: protein that binds to antigens to mark pathogens for destruction Macrophage: large white blood cell that engulfs foreign cells Phagocyte: white blood cell that engulfs foreign cells

Step in Immune Response Labeled Drawing 1. Pathogen invades the body 2. Macrophage samples foreign cells, engulfs pathogen.

Step in Immune Response Labeled Drawing 3. Antigens from the pathogen are displayed on the surface of the macrophage. 4. T-cell recognizes and is activated by the amino acid sequence of the antigens on the macrophage. Activated T-cell replicates.

Step in Immune Response Labeled Drawing 5. T-cells activate B-cells which make antibodies. 6. Antibodies bind antigens on pathogen – inactivate pathogen and mark it for destruction by phagocytes.

Step in Immune Response Labeled Drawing 7. Phagocytes consume labeled pathogens.

II. Specific Defenses Permanent Immunity: once the body has been exposed to a specific pathogen, memory B and T cells remain capable of producing antibodies to that pathogen

II. Specific Defenses C. Vaccination: injection of a weakened form of a pathogen to produce immunity 1. active immunity: produced by vaccine; body is capable of producing antibodies to a pathogen 2. passive immunity: antibodies produced by another organism are injected; recipient is immune as long as antibodies remain in circulation 3. maternal immunity: antibodies are passed from mother to fetus or infant; similar to passive immunity

Passive Immunity Lasts only a short time because they are not created by the body’s own immune system Examples: 1) Mother passing antibodies through placenta or breast milk to baby 2) Vaccines with antibodies against diseases like malaria, yellow fever, rabies

HIV & T-cells HIV replicates inside T- cells, and then destroys them as they burst open to release more viruses When Immune cells are destroyed, other diseases & infections can weaken & kill AIDS patients

Immune System Disorders Allergies- overreactions of immune system to antigens Mast cells are specialized cells that initiate the inflammatory response Histamines- chemicals released by mast cells that increase blood flow & fluids to the area This causes sneezing, watery eyes, & runny nose

Autoimmune Diseases Body attacks the body’s own cells Examples: Type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, & multiple sclerosis (MS), Lupus