Environmental Hazards and Human Health Chapter 18 Environmental Hazards and Human Health

Risk is a measure of the likelihood that you will suffer harm from a hazard. We can suffer from: Biological hazards: from more than 1,400 pathogens. Chemical hazards: in air, water, soil, and food. Physical hazards: such as fire, earthquake, volcanic eruption… Cultural hazards: such as smoking, poor diet, unsafe sex, drugs, unsafe working conditions, and poverty. RISKS AND HAZARDS

Types of diseases: nontransmissible disease- Diseases not caused by living organisms cannot spread from one person to another Heart disease, emphysema, asthma, transmissible or infectious-while those caused by living organisms such as bacteria and viruses can spread from person to person Flu, HIV, Malaria, Lyme, Hepatitis B

Transmissible Disease Pathway for infectious disease in humans. Figure 18-4

Transmissible Disease WHO estimates that each year the world’s seven deadliest infections kill 13.6 million people – most of them the poor in developing countries. Figure 18-5

WHO reported in 2005- 42 million (1.1 mill US) had HIV No vaccine Drugs are limited among poor How does HIV affect humans? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2h0ECyMWhE Where did AIDS come from? http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=1 47491878&m=147496246 http://www.npr.org/2012/02/27/147491878/tinderbox-how-the-west-fueled-the- aids-epidemic HIV/AIDS EPIDEMIC

Core Case Study: The Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic AIDS has reduced the life expectancy of sub- Saharan Africa from 62 to 47 years – 40 years in the seven countries most severely affected by AIDS. News on AIDS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GLaqCtvA-o How does this age structure affect the economics of this country? Figure 18-2

Should developed and developing nations mount an urgent global campaign to reduce the spread of HIV and to help countries afflicted by the disease? a. No. A global AIDS campaign could divert attention and resources from efforts to combat other serious threats. b. Yes. The disease is decimating the populations and destroying the economies of many developing countries. How Would You Vote?

Case Study: The Growing Global Threat from Tuberculosis Recent increases in TB are due to: Lack of TB screening and control programs Genetic resistance to the most effective antibiotics. Population growth, urbanization, air travel More AIDS which weakens immune system

Most Dangerous Viral Diseases Flu, HIV, and hepatitis B viruses infect and kill many more people each year then highly publicized West Nile and SARS viruses. 1918 Spanish Flu http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbYwNOcKqqc&feature=rela ted Hepatitis B is a virus that attacks your liver which is your natural filter of toxins Most Dangerous Viral Diseases

Case Study: Malaria – Death by Mosquito Malaria kills about 2 million people per year and has probably killed more than all of the wars ever fought. Figure 18-7

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVbq2yQH52g&feature=related

Reducing Chances of Malaria Spraying insides of homes with low concentrations of the pesticide DDT greatly reduces the number of malaria cases. Draining swamps Insecticides Sleep nets/screen doors Drugs to victims Reducing Chances of Malaria

Growing Germ Resistance Rabidly producing infectious bacteria are becoming genetically resistant to widely used antibiotics due to: Genetic resistance: Spread of bacteria around the globe by humans, overuse of pesticides which produce pesticide resistant insects that carry bacteria. Overuse of antibiotics: A 2000 study found that half of the antibiotics used to treat humans were prescribed unnecessarily. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjR6L38yReE

More infectious diseases… E.Coli Salmonella Lyme More infectious diseases…

Solutions Infectious Diseases Increase research on tropical diseases and vaccines Reduce poverty Decrease malnutrition Improve drinking water quality Reduce unnecessary use of antibiotics Educate people to take all of an antibiotic prescription Reduce antibiotic use to promote livestock growth Figure 18.8 Solutions: ways to prevent or reduce the incidence of infectious diseases, especially in developing countries. QUESTION: Which three of these approaches do you think are the most important? Careful hand washing by all medical personnel Immunize children against major viral diseases Oral rehydration for diarrhea victims Global campaign to reduce HIV/AIDS Fig. 18-8, p. 424

A toxic chemical can cause temporary or permanent harm or death. Mutagens are chemicals or forms of radiation that cause or increase the frequency of mutations in DNA. Ex. Radiation exposure, sunlight Teratogens are chemicals that cause harm or birth defects to a fetus or embryo. Ex. Pregnant women drinking alcohol Carcinogens are chemicals or types of radiation that can cause or promote cancer. Ex. Cigarette smoke, Arsenic CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Effects of Chemicals on the Immune, Nervous, and Endocrine Systems Long-term exposure to some chemicals at low doses may disrupt the body’s: Immune system: specialized cells and tissues that protect the body against disease and harmful substances. Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Endocrine system: complex network of glands that release minute amounts of hormones into the bloodstream.

Chemical Toxin Effect on Human body Arsenic and dioxins Weaken immune system PCBs, methyl mercury, pesticides Nervous system DDT, PCBs, atrazine Endocrine system- hormones Phthalates Birth defects, liver damage

Effects of Chemicals on the Immune, Nervous, and Endocrine Systems Molecules of certain synthetic chemicals have shapes similar to those of natural hormones and can adversely affect the endocrine system. Figure 18-9

Bhopal, India The world’s worst industrial accident occurred in 1984 at a pesticide plant. An explosion at Union Carbide pesticide plant in an underground storage tank released a large quantity of highly toxic methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas. 15,000-22,000 people died and there are still people suffering today http://espn.go.com/video/clip?id=5793810

TOXICOLOGY: ASSESSING CHEMICAL HAZARDS Factors determining the harm caused by exposure to a chemical include: The amount of exposure (dose). The frequency of exposure. The person who is exposed. The effectiveness of the body’s detoxification systems. One’s genetic makeup.

Helpful vocab. Related to harm on a individual caused by a substance Solubility- fat soluble substances (nonpolar) accumulate in cells Persistence- resist breaking down Bioaccumulation- molecules absorb and store in specific organs/tissues Biomagnification- as you move up the food chain/web there is more of the toxin Helpful vocab. Related to harm on a individual caused by a substance

Who toxins affect… Typical variations in sensitivity to a toxic chemical within a population, mostly because of genetic variation. Figure 18-10

How do we reduce the harmful effects of toxins? Break down and excrete Enzymes repair damaged DNA Cells reproduce and replace damaged areas How do we reduce the harmful effects of toxins?

What are children more susceptible to toxins? Children breathe more air, drink more water, and eat more food per unit of body weight than adults. They are exposed to toxins when they put their fingers or other objects in their mouths. Children usually have less well-developed immune systems and detoxification processes than adults.

TOXICOLOGY: ASSESSING CHEMICAL HAZARDS Under existing laws, most chemicals are considered innocent until proven guilty, and estimating their toxicity is difficult, uncertain, and expensive. Federal and state governments do not regulate about 99.5% of the commercially used chemicals in the U.S.

Prevention vs. Reaction Some scientists and health officials say that preliminary but not conclusive evidence that a chemical causes significant harm should spur preventive action (precautionary principle).

RISK ANALYSIS Scientists have developed ways to evaluate and compare risks, decide how much risk is acceptable, and find affordable ways to reduce it. Figure 18-12

Annual deaths in the U.S. from tobacco use and other causes in 2003. RISK ANALYSIS Figure 18-A

RISK ANALYSIS Number of deaths per year in the world from various causes. Parentheses show deaths in terms of the number of fully loaded 400- passenger jumbo jets crashing every day of the year with no survivors. Figure 18-13

Becoming Better at Risk Analysis We can carefully evaluate or tune out of the barrage of bad news covered in the media, compare risks, and concentrate on reducing personal risks over which we have some control. Becoming Better at Risk Analysis Figure 18-3

Environmental Changes and Diseases Global Warming warmer temps for more mosquitos survivingMalaria Deforestation bats Nipah virus and pigs humans Deforestation less fox more mice  more ticks Lyme Environmental Changes and Diseases