CHAPTER 7 BARRIERS TO MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND THERAPY: INDIVIDUAL AND FAMILY PERSPECTIVES

Characteristics of Counseling/Therapy For effective therapy to occur, the therapist and client must be able to send and receive both verbal and nonverbal messages appropriately and accurately.

Generic Characteristics Of Counseling/Therapy 1. Culture-bound values—individual-centered, verbal/emotional/behavioral expressiveness, communication patterns from client to counselor, openness and intimacy, analytic/linear/verbal (cause-effect) approach, and clear distinctions between mental and physical well-being. 2. Class-bound values—strict adherence to time schedules (50-minute, once or twice-a-week meeting), ambiguous or unstructured approach to problems, and seeking long-range goals or solutions. 3. Language variables—use of Standard English and emphasis on verbal communication.

CULTURE BOUND VALUES OF COUNSELING/THERAPY 1. Focus on the Individual Counseling promotes individualism, autonomy, and achievement, YET Many people of color operate in a more collectivistic fashion.

CULTURE BOUND VALUES OF COUNSELING/THERAPY 2. Verbal/Emotional/Behavioral Expressiveness Many counselors and therapists tend to emphasize the fact that verbal/emotional/behavioral expressiveness is important in individuals, YET Many cultural groups value the restraint of strong feelings.

CULTURE BOUND VALUES OF COUNSELING/THERAPY 3. Insight This characteristic assumes that it is mentally beneficial for individuals to obtain insight or understanding into their deep underlying dynamics and causes, YET Several cultural groups and those from a lower socioeconomic status (SES) often do not perceive insight as appropriate or helpful.

CULTURE BOUND VALUES OF COUNSELING/THERAPY 4. Self-Disclosure (Openness and Intimacy) Most forms of counseling and psychotherapy tend to value one’s ability to self-disclose and to talk about the most intimate aspects of one’s life, YET Some cultures may not value self-disclosure for fear it brings shame to the family, and others may not feel comfortable self-disclosing to White therapists due to mistrust and oppression.

CULTURE BOUND VALUES OF COUNSELING/THERAPY 5. Scientific Empiricism Counseling and psychotherapy in Western culture and society have been described as being highly linear, analytic, and verbal in their attempt to mimic the physical sciences, YET Many cultural groups emphasize the harmonious aspects of the world and minimize the importance of analytical inquiries.

CLASS-BOUND VALUES OF COUNSELING/THERAPY To effectively work with lower-class clients, counselors need to: understand their own biases, understand how poverty affects the lives of people, be cognizant that sometimes behaviors for survival are pathologized, and consider information-giving activities and a more active approach.

Language Barriers The practice of using children as interpreters can cause several problems for families of color and other cultures. More bilingual counselors are needed. Use of Standard English in health care may unfairly discriminate against those from a bilingual or lower SES background.

“American” Cultural Assumptions And Multicultural Family Therapy Counselors need to become culturally aware of their own values, biases, and assumptions about human behavior (especially as it pertains to the definition of family). It is important to become aware of the worldview of the culturally different client and how that client views the definition, role, and function of the family. Appropriate intervention strategies need to be formulated.

Value Preference Considerations Time Dimension Relational Dimension Activity Dimension People-Nature Relationship Nature of People Dimension People-Nature Relationship Traditional Western thinking believes in mastery and control over nature and therapists operate from a framework that subscribes to the belief that problems are solvable and that both therapist and client must take an active part in solving problems via manipulation and control However, many Asian cultures emphasize harmony within the family and the environment leads to harmony within the self.--dependence on the family unit and acceptance of the environment seem to dictate differences in solving problems and Asian cultures tend to accommodate or deal with problems through indirection Time Dimension U.S. society may be characterized as preoccupied with the future American Indians and African Americans tend to value a present time orientation, while Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans have a combination past-present focus Relational Dimension The U.S. can be characterized as an achievement-oriented society, which is most strongly manifested in the prevailing Protestant work ethic Almost all racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States tend to be more collateral in their relationships with people. Activity Dimension One of the primary characteristics of White U.S. cultural values and beliefs is an action (doing) orientation: (a) We must master and control nature; (b) we must always do things about a situation; and (c) we should take a pragmatic and utilitarian view of life. In counseling, we expect clients to master and control their own life and environment, to take action to resolve their own problems, and to fight against bias and inaction It appears that both American Indians and Latinos/”Hispanics prefer a being or being-in-becoming mode of activity-the American Indian concepts of self-determination and noninterference are examples--value is placed on the spiritual quality of being, as manifested in self-containment, poise, and harmony with the universe and on the attainment of inner fulfillment and an essential serenity of one’s place in the universe

Implications for Practice Become aware of the generic characteristics of counseling. Advocate for multilingual services. Provide community counseling services in the client’s natural environments (schools, churches, etc.). Help clients deal with forces such as poverty, discrimination, prejudice, and immigration stress in contrast to developing personal insight through self-exploration.

Implications for Practice Understand the different cultural conceptions of family. Families cannot be understood apart from the cultural, social, and political dimensions. Learn the definition of family for specific groups. Be careful not to overgeneralize or stereotype.