Human Development Created by K. Singh.

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Presentation transcript:

Human Development Created by K. Singh

Developmental Psychology Developmental psychology is the scientific study of human growth and change from conception to death. Goals: Describe, Explain, and Optimize Development Major Topics of Interest: Nature/Nurture Biopsychosocial approach (how people change biologically, psychologically, and socially over the life span)

Genes Genes and Heredity Information Chromosome: Long strands of DNA DNA: Set of instructions made up of four main proteins (CTGA) Gene: Section of DNA in which proteins occur in certain order Allele: Different forms of the same gene Dominant: Genes that are more likely to show outwardly on the person Recessive: Genes that may be hidden or masked by dominant genes Homozygous vs. Heterozygous: Having the same/different alleles Genotype: The DNA instructions that a make up a person/organism Phenotype: The outward characteristics that occur because of DNA

Prenatal Development 50% of genes from each parent Conception: Sperm & Egg Zygote Embryo/Placenta Fetus Teratogens: Any chemical that interferes with prenatal development

Conditions at Birth Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Down Syndrome/Trisomy 21 Autism Spectrum Disorder Turner’s Syndrome (females)/Klinefelter’s Syndrome (males) See other genetic disorders

Fetal Development The Brain: About 86 billion brain cells develop and this number stays fairly consistent across life span After birth, neural networks form (see picture) See how the brain develops (video) The growing brain (0-3years)

The Neonate Neonate = Infant Apgar Scale: Appearance (skin color) Pulse (heart rate) Grimace response (reflexes) Activity (muscle tone) Respiration (breathing rate and effort) Rooting Reflex : The baby will turn its head toward something that touches its cheek Sucking Reflex: breathing, swallowing, and sucking while drinking Stepping Reflex: If held up, the baby will make stepping movements Grasping Reflex: A baby will grasp anything in its hands in a tight fist Moro Reflex: Startled movement response to loud noises See other reflexes here.

Motor Reflex Cephalocaudal Development: From head to toe Fernald and Fernald Study of Motor Development Sequence is the same but timing varies based on culture. US Culture: 25% of US children learn to walk by 11 months, 50% by 1st birthday Genetics: Twins tend to start walking on the same day Maturation: Certain skills, traits, and abilities are biologically programmed and can only occur when children are developmentally ready i.e. sitting up, toilet training, etc.

Studies in Development Infants: Eye tracking and habituation Twin Studies (Nature vs. Nurture) Longitudinal: (See video) Panel/Cohort/Retrospective Pros: close look at individuals/sensitive to change, Cons: time and people drop out Cross Sectional: Comparing similar groups at different ages Pros: quick, shows age differences Cons: finding participants, life experiences are so different between people

Types of Development Physical: Attachment Personality: Cognition: Gesell Harlow Lorenz Bowlby Personality: Ainsworth Freud Erikson Kagan (temperament) Cognition: Piaget vs. Vygotsky (social-cognitive) Language Chompsky Moral Kohlberg vs. Giligan Parenting Baumrind (See Original Article)