Philosophy in the Age of Reason Unit 4 Section 1 TYWL: How the enlightenment ideas and thinkers influenced revolution around the world. I can: identify enlightenment ideas and understand how they caused revolution and change around the world. How revolutions spark change in not only the political realm, but also economically, and socially.

Progress and Reason Scientific progress power of human reason. Edward Jenner developed a vaccine against small pox. Why not use reason to discover natural laws? Scientific Revolution led to revolution in thinking, the Enlightenment. Use of reason to solve social, political,& economic problems.

THOMAS HOBBES (Leviathan) Political Thinkers of the Enlightenment THOMAS HOBBES (Leviathan) JOHN LOCKE (Two Treaties on Government) People are:1. naturally cruel, greedy, & selfish. 2. entered into a social contract, in order to live in an organized society. 3. Only an absolute monarchy can ensure an orderly society. People are:1. basically reasonable & moral. 2. natural rights. 3. A gov’t has a duty to the people it governs. If it fails, the people have the right to overthrow it

BARON de MONTESQUIEU (The Spirit of Laws) 1. The separation of powers is the best way to protect liberty. 2. Each branch of gov’t should serve as a check on the others.

VOLTAIRE (Fracois-Marie Arouet): ROUSSEAU VOLTAIRE (Fracois-Marie Arouet): The Social Contract. 1. people were basically good. 2.gov’t controls should be minimal & only be imposed by a freely elected gov’t. 3. good of the community should be placed above individual interests. Defended the principle of freedom of speech. Opposed the slave trade.

DENIS DIDEROT MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT The Encyclopedia. Explained the new ideas of the time through these articles Called for equal education for girls and boys.

New Economic Thinking Laissez faire: allowing businesses to run with little or no gov’t interference. In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith argued that the free market should be allowed to regulate business activity. Smith supported laissez faire, but also believed that a gov’t had a duty to protect society.

Enlightened despots were absolute rulers brought about political & social change. CATHERINE THE GREAT FREDERICK THE GREAT Made some limited reforms in law and gov’t. Granted nobles a charter of rights. Criticized the institution of serfdom. Tolerated religious differences. Distributed seeds & tools to peasants. The Roles of Censorship and Salons Gov’t & church officials tried to protect the old order. used censorship banned and burned books imprisoned writers. Salons were informal social gatherings: writers, artists, philosophers, etc. exchanged ideas.

JOSEPH II Most radical of enlightened despots. Granted toleration to Protestants & Jews. Ended censorship & tried to control the Catholic Church. Sold church property to build hospitals. Abolished serfdom.

Literature and the Arts LITERATURE:. Middle class readers enjoyed stories about their own times. COURTLY ART: Artists and designers developed the rococo style, which was personal, elegant, & charming. MUSIC: New kinds of musical entertainment evolved, such as ballets & operas. Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frederick Handel, & Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart were brilliant & influential composers of this time.

The Lives of Peasants Peasant life varied across Europe. Peasant culture, based traditions, changed slowly. In Western Europe, serfdom had largely disappeared. Peasants worked their own plots of land, were tenants of large landowners, or worked as day laborers. In central and Eastern Europe, serfdom remained firmly rooted.