From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment Date of download: 10/20/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;138(8):081012-081012-6. doi:10.1115/1.4033389 Figure Legend: Tube laser bending. (a) Heating due to absorbed laser energy induces a bending of angle β “away” from the laser. (b) After cooling, the tube bends “toward” the laser, finally getting at an angle of α.

From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment Date of download: 10/20/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;138(8):081012-081012-6. doi:10.1115/1.4033389 Figure Legend: Optical fiber and tube assembly

From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment Date of download: 10/20/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;138(8):081012-081012-6. doi:10.1115/1.4033389 Figure Legend: The experimental setup. (1) Camera for focus measurement, (2) 50:50 beam splitter, (3) PSD, (4) fixed mirrors, (5) aspheric lens (see Fig. 2), (6) tube with fiber (see Fig. 2), (7) tube clamp (see Fig. 2), (8) beam alignment camera for laser, (9) focusing optics, (10) high power laser input, (11) motorized tip/tilt mirror, (12) positioning stages for tube, (13) fiber to align, and (14) position measurement laser.

From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment Date of download: 10/20/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;138(8):081012-081012-6. doi:10.1115/1.4033389 Figure Legend: Beam manipulation schematic. The laser can reach the tube from three directions using the tip/tilt mirror. 1: Direct path from above and 2/3: via fixed mirrors. The focus stage is used to keep the spot size on the tube constant.

From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment Date of download: 10/20/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;138(8):081012-081012-6. doi:10.1115/1.4033389 Figure Legend: Measurement of the fiber tip position. Laser light emitted from the fiber is collimated and projected on two duo-lateral PSDs and a camera via two beam splitters. A translation of the fiber results in a rotation of the beam, measured by the PSDs.

From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment Date of download: 10/20/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;138(8):081012-081012-6. doi:10.1115/1.4033389 Figure Legend: Translation coordinates at the fiber tip

From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment Date of download: 10/20/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;138(8):081012-081012-6. doi:10.1115/1.4033389 Figure Legend: Displacement of the fiber tip during heating (0–0.2 s) and cooling (0.2–60 s) at P = 10 W and d = 7 mm. The final displacement is 11.3 μm. Top: (X, Y) path plot. Bottom: time–displacement of the same measurement.

From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment Date of download: 10/20/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;138(8):081012-081012-6. doi:10.1115/1.4033389 Figure Legend: Typical path of the fiber tip in one of the nine experiments. Each point is the deformation after cooling. The target (−30, 27) is reached within 12 steps. The dashed lines indicate the direction of thermal expansion at that point. Note that a repetition of this experiment would result in a totally different path due to the uncertainties in bending angle and direction.

From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment Date of download: 10/20/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;138(8):081012-081012-6. doi:10.1115/1.4033389 Figure Legend: Power used in experiments versus the maximum expansion angle α. The outliers are indicated by crosses and excluded from the fit.

From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment Date of download: 10/20/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;138(8):081012-081012-6. doi:10.1115/1.4033389 Figure Legend: Power used in experiments versus the maximum expansion angle β

From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment Date of download: 10/20/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;138(8):081012-081012-6. doi:10.1115/1.4033389 Figure Legend: Difference between direction of expansion and direction final motion. The dashed lines indicate the trend of the extreme values encountered in the measurements. Using higher power ensures a more deterministic bending direction.