Organic Compounds: Proteins (Macromolecules) Proteins 6/3/2018 Organic Compounds: Proteins

complex polymers of amino acids that build & repair cells PROTEINS complex polymers of amino acids that build & repair cells 6/3/2018 Organic Compounds: Proteins

Organic Compounds: Proteins Protein – complex polymer of amino acids that builds & repairs cells Amino acid – substance that has an amino group (-NH2) on 1 end & carboxyl group (-COOH) on other; makes up building blocks for proteins All amino acids have similar chemical structure but differ in the region of molecules known as the R Group 6/3/2018 Organic Compounds: Proteins

Organic Compounds: Proteins amino acids (20 different kinds) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides) amino acids: “building blocks of life” 8 of 20 are essential In Human Diet peptide bond – covalent bond that joins 2 amino acids Join though dehydration synthesis 6/3/2018 Organic Compounds: Proteins

Organic Compounds: Proteins Function/roles of proteins: Help carry out chemical reactions pump small molecules in & out of cells Responsible for ability of cell to move Build & repair cells 6/3/2018 Organic Compounds: Proteins

Organic Compounds: Proteins Six functions of proteins: Storage: albumin (egg white) Transport: hemoglobin Regulatory: hormones Movement: muscles Structure: membranes, hair, nails Enzymes: cellular reactions 6/3/2018 Organic Compounds: Proteins

Organic Compounds: Proteins Four levels of protein structure: Primary Structure (A.) Secondary Structure (B.) Tertiary Structure (C.) Quaternary Structure 6/3/2018 Organic Compounds: Proteins

Amino Acid: Basic Structure NH3 = Amino Side COO- = Acid Side 6/3/2018 Organic Compounds: Proteins

Amino Acid: Basic Structure H 6/3/2018 Organic Compounds: Proteins

Proteins: Primary Structure 6/3/2018 Organic Compounds: Proteins

Proteins: Secondary Structure 3-Dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils & pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. Two examples: 6/3/2018 Organic Compounds: Proteins

Proteins: Tertiary Structure Secondary structures bent & folded into more complex 3-D arrangement of joined polypeptides Bonds: H-Bonds Ionic Disulfide Bridges (S-S) Call a Subunit 6/3/2018 Organic Compounds: Proteins

Proteins: Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more subunits. Globular in shape Form in aqueous environments Example: Enzymes (Hemoglobin) 6/3/2018 Organic Compounds: Proteins

Organic Compounds: Proteins ENZYMES enzyme - 1 of # of special protein catalysts contained in living organisms catalyst – substance that speeds up rate of a chemical reaction without being changed or used up by the reaction 6/3/2018 Organic Compounds: Proteins

Organic Compounds: Proteins ENZYMES Substrate - reactant affected by an enzyme active site - region of an enzyme that can bind with a specific substrate or substrates 6/3/2018 Organic Compounds: Proteins

Organic Compounds: Proteins ENZYMES function/roles of enzymes: regulate chemical pathways synthesize materials needed by cells releasing energy transferring information 6/3/2018 Organic Compounds: Proteins

Organic Compounds: Proteins Consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen atoms & some sulfur & phosphorus or other trace elements such as iron or copper Soluble in water Job create enzymes, function as a reserve source of energy. Monomer: amino acids 6/3/2018 Organic Compounds: Proteins

Organic Compounds: Proteins There are twenty amino acids and they can be strung together in unique combinations known as polypeptide chains, the polymer unit for proteins. A protein is only complete and functional when the polypeptide chain is folded into a unique 3-D shape 6/3/2018 Organic Compounds: Proteins

Organic Compounds: Proteins Proteins are the most complex and functionally diverse molecules of living organisms. Proteins compose enzymes, blood cells and muscle tissue just to name a few and are therefore associated with meat products. Proteins are created by RNA during DNA Transcription and Translation, a process you will learn about later in the year. The base elements of proteins are C, H, O and N. The monomers of proteins are 20 different amino acids. The amino acids are bonded together in unique combinations to create a polypeptide chain, the protein polymer. This chain is then folded into a unique, functional protein. 6/3/2018 Organic Compounds: Proteins