FIG. 1. Characterization data of nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> samples, including TEM images of nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> particles in its (A) anatase, (B) anatase/rutile.

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FIG. 1. Characterization data of nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> samples, including TEM images of nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> particles in its (A) anatase, (B) anatase/rutile (60/40), and (C) rutile phases in water. (D) XRD pattern of nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> particles. (E) A representative DTA profile of a nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalyst. The dip at 100°C corresponds to the removal of water. The peak at 250°C corresponds to the conversion of nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> anatase to nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> rutile. All the samples investigated in the present study exhibited DTA profiles similar to the one shown here. From: Correlating Nanoscale Titania Structure with Toxicity: A Cytotoxicity and Inflammatory Response Study with Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Human Lung Epithelial Cells Toxicol Sci. 2006;92(1):174-185. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfj197 Toxicol Sci | © The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

FIG. 2. Flowchart of experimental protocol for testing the cellular response with HDF and A549 cell lines to nano-TiO<sub>2</sub>. Cultured cells were dosed with nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> anatase and rutile particles for all experiments and nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> anatase/rutile particles for cell viability experiments. Cells were exposed to nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> particles at various concentrations (3 μg/ml–3 mg/ml), incubated for 48 h, and tested for different biochemical endpoints. From: Correlating Nanoscale Titania Structure with Toxicity: A Cytotoxicity and Inflammatory Response Study with Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Human Lung Epithelial Cells Toxicol Sci. 2006;92(1):174-185. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfj197 Toxicol Sci | © The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

FIG. 3. The dose-response, time-course, and LDH release cellular viability relationships of cultured human cells to nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> samples. (A) Cells were exposed to nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> anatase particles, nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> rutile particles, nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> anatase/rutile particles, and control anatase/rutile (Degussa P25) for 48 h. (B) Cells were exposed to nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> anatase particles and screened at 1 h, 6, 15, 24, 40, and 48 h. LDH release of (C) HDFs and (D) A549 cells after 48 h exposure to nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> anatase, rutile, and anatase/rutile samples. All exposures were done without UV illumination. Results are combined from three independent exposures. Groups significantly different from the control group (by ANOVA p < 0.00127 followed by Dunnett's test) are shown by *p < 0.05 or **p < 0.01. From: Correlating Nanoscale Titania Structure with Toxicity: A Cytotoxicity and Inflammatory Response Study with Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Human Lung Epithelial Cells Toxicol Sci. 2006;92(1):174-185. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfj197 Toxicol Sci | © The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

FIG. 4. The LDH release of (A) HDF and (B) A549 cells after 48 h to exposure nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> anatase, anatase/rutile, and rutile samples with a 20-min prior exposure to UV light (λ = 365 nm, 10 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>). Results are combined from three independent exposures. Groups significantly different from the control group (by ANOVA p<sub>HDF</sub> < 0.000990 and p<sub>A549</sub> < 0.00211 followed by Dunnett's test) are shown by *p < 0.05 or **p < 0.01. From: Correlating Nanoscale Titania Structure with Toxicity: A Cytotoxicity and Inflammatory Response Study with Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Human Lung Epithelial Cells Toxicol Sci. 2006;92(1):174-185. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfj197 Toxicol Sci | © The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

FIG. 5. The mitochondrial activity (MTT activity) of (A) HDF and (B) A549 cells after 48 h exposure to nanoscale TiO<sub>2</sub> anatase and rutile phases. Results are combined from three independent exposures. Groups significantly different from the control group (by ANOVA p<sub>HDF</sub> < 0.00231 and p<sub>A549</sub> < 0.00197 followed by Dunnett's test) are shown by *p < 0.05 or **p < 0.01). From: Correlating Nanoscale Titania Structure with Toxicity: A Cytotoxicity and Inflammatory Response Study with Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Human Lung Epithelial Cells Toxicol Sci. 2006;92(1):174-185. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfj197 Toxicol Sci | © The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

FIG. 6. The production of IL-8 in (A) HDF and (B) A549 cells after 48 h exposure to nanoscale TiO<sub>2</sub> anatase and rutile phases. Results are combined from three independent exposures. Groups significantly different from the control group (by ANOVA p<sub>HDF</sub> < 0.0256 and p<sub>A549</sub> < 0.00789 followed by Dunnett's test) are shown by *p < 0.05 or **p < 0.01. From: Correlating Nanoscale Titania Structure with Toxicity: A Cytotoxicity and Inflammatory Response Study with Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Human Lung Epithelial Cells Toxicol Sci. 2006;92(1):174-185. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfj197 Toxicol Sci | © The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

FIG. 7. Ex vivo determination of reactive oxygen species in nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> suspensions. The panel shows the emission of light from luminol (λ = 416 nm) in the presence of nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> anatase particles and nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> rutile particles in (A) water, (B) Dulbecco's Modification of Eagle's Media, (C) media and sonication, and (D) media and UV light. The concentrations of the nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> samples are both 15 mg/ml. From: Correlating Nanoscale Titania Structure with Toxicity: A Cytotoxicity and Inflammatory Response Study with Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Human Lung Epithelial Cells Toxicol Sci. 2006;92(1):174-185. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfj197 Toxicol Sci | © The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

FIG. 8. Photodegradation of aqueous Congo red (10 mg/l, 14 μmol/l) in the presence of various nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> catalysts (1 g/l). Based on this plot, the per gram efficiencies of the TiO<sub>2</sub> powders increased in the order nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> rutile particles < nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> anatase/rutile particles < control anatase/rutile < nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> anatase particles. From: Correlating Nanoscale Titania Structure with Toxicity: A Cytotoxicity and Inflammatory Response Study with Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Human Lung Epithelial Cells Toxicol Sci. 2006;92(1):174-185. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfj197 Toxicol Sci | © The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org