Chapter 5: Control Structures II Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

Chapter Objectives Learn about repetition (looping) control structures Explore how to construct and use: count-controlled, sentinel-controlled, flag-controlled, and EOF-controlled repetition structures Examine break and continue statements Discover how to form and use nested control structures Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

Why Is Repetition Needed? Many situations require the same statement(s) to be executed several times Example: Finding average grades for students in a class Processing a batch of purchase orders Explore a solution space until a given pattern is found Refining the solution of a problem by successive approximation to the optimum response. Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

The while Looping (Repetition) Structure Syntax: while (expression) statement Expression is always true in an infinite loop Statements must change value of expression to false Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

The while Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued) Example 5-1 i = 0; //Line 1 while (i <= 20) //Line 2 { System.out.print(i + " "); //Line 3 i = i + 5; //Line 4 } System.out.println(); //Line 5 Output 0 5 10 15 20 Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

The while Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued) while loops are written in the following form: //initialize the loop control variable(s) while (expression) //expression tests control { //variable . //update the loop control variable(s) } Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

Counter-Controlled while Loop Used when exact number of entry pieces is known General form: int N = //value input by user or specified //in program int counter = 0; while (counter < N) { . counter++; } Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

Sentinel-Controlled while Loop Used when exact number of entry pieces is unknown, but last entry (special/sentinel value) is known General form: Input the first data item into variable; while (variable != sentinel) { . input a data item into variable; } Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

Flag-Controlled while Loop Boolean value used to control loop General form: boolean found = false; while (!found) { . if (expression) found = true; } Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

EOF (End of File)-Controlled while Loop Used when input is from files Sentinel value is not always appropriate In an EOF-controlled while loop that uses the Scanner object console to input data, console acts at the loop control variable Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

EOF (End of File)-Controlled while Loop (continued) The method hasNext, of the class Scanner, returns true if there is an input in the input stream; otherwise, it returns false The expression console.hasNext() acts as the loop condition Expressions such as console.nextInt() update the value of the loop condition Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

EOF-Controlled while Loop (continued) General form of the EOF-controlled while loop that uses the Scanner object console to input data: while (console.hasNext()) { //Get the next input and store in an //appropriate variable //Process data } Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

EOF-Controlled while Loop (continued) Suppose that inFile is a Scanner object initialized to the input file. In this case, the EOF-controlled while loop takes the following form: while (inFile.hasNext()) { //Get the next input and store in an //appropriate variable //Process data } Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

Programming Example: Checking Account Balance Input file: Customer’s account number, account balance at beginning of month, transaction type (withdrawal, deposit, interest), transaction amount Output: Account number, beginning balance, ending balance, total interest paid, total amount deposited, number of deposits, total amount withdrawn, number of withdrawals Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

Programming Example: Checking Account Balance (continued) Solution: Read data EOF-controlled loop switch structure of transaction types Determine action (add to balance or subtract from balance depending on transaction type) Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

Programming Example: Fibonacci Number Fibonacci formula for any Fibonacci sequence: an = an-1 + an-2 Input: First two Fibonacci numbers in sequence, position in sequence of desired Fibonacci number (n) int previous1 = Fibonacci number 1 int previous2 = Fibonacci number 2 int nthFibonacci = Position of nth Fibonacci number Output: nth Fibonacci number Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

Programming Example: Fibonacci Number (Solution) if (nthFibonacci == 1) current = previous1; else if (nthFibonacci == 2) current = previous2; else { counter = 3; while (counter <= nthFibonacci) current = previous2 + previous1; previous1 = previous2; previous2 = current; counter++; } Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

The for Looping (Repetition) Structure Specialized form of while loop Simplifies the writing of count-controlled loops Syntax: for (initial statement; loop condition; update statement) statement Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

The for Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued) Execution: Initial statement executes Loop condition is evaluated If loop condition evaluates to true, execute for loop statement and execute update statement Repeat until loop condition is false Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

The for Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued) Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

The for Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued) Example 5-8 The following for loop prints the first 10 nonnegative integers: for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) System.out.print(i + " "); System.out.println(); Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

The for Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued) Example 5-9 The following for loop outputs the word Hello and a star (on separate lines) five times: for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { System.out.println("Hello"); System.out.println("*"); } Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

The for Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued) 2. The following for loop outputs the word Hello five times and the star only once: for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++) System.out.println("Hello"); System.out.println("*"); Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

The for Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued) Does not execute if initial condition is false Update expression changes value of loop control variable, eventually making it false If loop condition is always true, result is an infinite loop Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

The for Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued) Infinite loop can be specified by omitting all three control statements If loop condition is omitted, it is assumed to be true for statement ending in semicolon is empty Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

Programming Example: Classify Numbers Input: N integers (positive, negative, and zeros) int N = 20; //N easily modified Output: Number of 0s, number of even integers, number of odd integers Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

Programming Example: Classify Numbers (Solution) for (counter = 1; counter <= N; counter++) { number = console.nextInt(); System.out.print(number + " "); switch (number % 2) case 0: evens++; if (number == 0) zeros++; break; case 1: case -1: odds++; } //end switch } //end for loop Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

The do…while Loop (Repetition) Structure Syntax: do statement while (expression); Statements are executed before expression Statements are executed at least once and then continued if expression is true Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

do…while Loop (Post-Test Loop) Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

break Statements Used to exit early from a loop Used to skip remainder of switch structure Can be placed within if statement of a loop If condition is met, loop is exited immediately Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

continue Statements Used in while, for, and do...while structures When executed in a loop: Remaining statements in the loop are skipped Proceeds with the next iteration of the loop When executed in a while/do…while structure, expression is evaluated after continue In a for structure, the update statement is executed after continue; the loop condition then executes Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

Nested Control Structures Provides new power, subtlety, and complexity if, if…else, and switch structures can be placed within while loops for loops can be found within other for loops Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

Nested Control Structures (Example) for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) System.out.print(" *"); System.out.println(); } Output: * ** *** **** ***** Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures

Chapter Summary Looping mechanisms: Nested control structures Counter-controlled while loop Sentinel-controlled while loop Flag-controlled while loop EOF-controlled while loop for loop do…while loop break statement continue statement Nested control structures Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures