Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Be sure to pause slideshow when needed to take notes. Be sure to write down questions for when I return. Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

What’s the difference? Anatomy – the structure of body parts Physiology – the function of the body parts; what they do and how they do it

Structure and Function Anatomy and physiology are inseparable. Function reflects structure; What a structure can do depends on its form Known as the principle of complementarity of structure and function © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level

Characteristics of Human Life Movement - self initiated change in position (muscles); motion of internal parts (ex: blood flow; urination) 2. Responsiveness (irritability) – reaction to change inside or outside of body 3. Growth - increase in body size 4. Reproduction – production of offspring (sexual or asexual)

5. Digestion – breaking down food to be used by body 6. Excretion - Removal of wastes 7. Metabolism - All chemical changes that occur in the body to maintain life

Survival Needs Nutrients – for energy and cell building Oxygen – to release energy from foods Water – provides environment needed for chemical reactions Normal body temperature – needs to be around 98.6°F for proper rates of chemical reactions to take place Appropriate atmospheric pressure – needed for proper breathing/gas exchange © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Homeostasis The tendency of the body to maintain a stable, balanced, internal environment. “Sameness”

Organ Systems For each organ system, describe its function and some of the major organs found in each system. Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Digestive Respiratory Urinary Reproductive

Become the Expert Get into pairs/groups of 2-3 students. Each pair will become the “expert” of one of the 11 major organ systems You will have 10 minutes to research your system, and be prepared to clearly explain the following: Function of system Organs within system Location How it interacts with other body systems How it works Everyone else will take brief notes on each system

Anatomical Terminology Standard Anatomical Position: standing erect, face forward, arms at side, palms facing forward 1. Superior 2. Inferior 3. Anterior 4. Posterior 5. Medial 6. Lateral 7. Proximal 8. Distal 9. Superficial 10. Deep

Relative Term Practice On your own sheet of scratch paper, write 10 statements using each of the relative anatomical descriptions. 1. Superior 2. Inferior 3. Anterior 4. Posterior 5. Medial 6. Lateral 7. Proximal 8. Distal 9. Superficial 10. Deep

Regional Terms Two major divisions of the body Axial Appendicular Head, neck, and trunk Appendicular Limbs (legs and arms) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Body Cavities Two Major Cavities: Dorsal cavity - back side Ventral cavity - front side

Dorsal Body Cavity Protects the fragile nervous system Two subdivisions: Cranial cavity - Encases brain Vertebral cavity - Encases spinal cord © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ventral Body Cavity Two subdivisions, separated by the diaphragm: Thoracic cavity - Contains two pleural cavities (around lungs) - Also contains pericardial cavity (around heart) Abdominopelvic cavity - Abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, spleen, liver) - Pelvic cavity (urinary and reproductive organs) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

MEMBRANES within Ventral cavity Serous Membrane – two-layered membrane, covers surfaces within ventral cavity Parietal serosa – lines cavity walls Visceral serosa – covers internal organs Serous fluid – lubricating fluid found between layers of the membrane

Types of Serous Membranes Pleura - around lungs Pericardium - around heart Peritoneum - around organs in abdominopelvic region

What doesn’t belong? 1. Abdominal cavity stomach eye liver 2. Front dorsal anterior ventral 3. Caudal epigastric umbilical hypogastric 4. Thoracic abdominopelvic cranial superficial 5. Coronal sagittal deep transverse 6. Dorsal cavity thoracic cavity cranial cavity spinal cavity 7. Stomach urinary bladder reproductive organs rectum 8. Medial proximal lateral sagittal 9. Anterior back posterior dorsal 10. Homeostasis anterior superior dorsal