Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Oxidation/reduction reactions Oxidation: loss of electrons, release of energy Reduction: gain of electrons, storing of energy Leo sez ger Oil rig Coupling of reactions

What kind of cells have mitochondria?

Overview of aerobic cellular respiration: #1 Electrons carried via NADH Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate Cytosol ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation

Overview of aerobic cellular respiration: #2 Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2 Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Glucose Pyruvate Mitochondrion Cytosol ATP ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation

Overview of aerobic cellular respiration: #3 Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2 Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Glucose Pyruvate Mitochondrion Cytosol ATP ATP ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation

GLYCOLYSIS

Glucose ATP 1 Hexokinase ADP Glucose-6-phosphate ATP 1 ADP Glucose

Glucose-6-phosphate 2 Phosphogluco- isomerase Fructose-6-phosphate ATP 1 Hexokinase ADP Glucose-6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate 2 Phosphoglucoisomerase 2 Phosphogluco- isomerase Fructose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate

Fructose-6-phosphate Phosphofructo- kinase Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate Glucose ATP 1 1 Hexokinase ADP Fructose-6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate 2 2 Phosphoglucoisomerase ATP 3 Phosphofructo- kinase Fructose-6-phosphate ATP 3 3 ADP Phosphofructokinase ADP Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate

Aldolase Isomerase Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate 4 5 Dihydroxyacetone Glucose ATP 1 Hexokinase ADP Glucose-6-phosphate 2 Phosphoglucoisomerase Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate 4 Fructose-6-phosphate Aldolase ATP 3 Phosphofructokinase ADP 5 Isomerase Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate 4 Aldolase 5 Isomerase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate

1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 NAD+ 6 Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 NADH 2 P i + 2 H+ 2 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate 2 NAD+ 6 Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 P 2 NADH i + 2 H+ 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate

2 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 3-Phosphoglycerate 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 7 2 NAD+ 6 Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 NADH 2 P i + 2 H+ 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 7 Phosphoglycerokinase 2 ATP 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 2 3-Phosphoglycerate 7 Phosphoglycero- kinase 2 ATP 2 3-Phosphoglycerate

2 3-Phosphoglycerate 8 Phosphoglycero- mutase 2 2-Phosphoglycerate 2 NAD+ 6 Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 NADH 2 P i + 2 H+ 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 7 Phosphoglycerokinase 2 ATP 2 3-Phosphoglycerate 2 3-Phosphoglycerate 8 Phosphoglyceromutase 8 Phosphoglycero- mutase 2 2-Phosphoglycerate 2 2-Phosphoglycerate

2 2-Phosphoglycerate Enolase 2 H2O 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 9 2 NAD+ 6 2 Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 NADH 2 P i + 2 H+ 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 7 Phosphoglycerokinase 2 ATP 2 2-Phosphoglycerate 2 3-Phosphoglycerate 8 Phosphoglyceromutase 9 Enolase 2 H2O 2 2-Phosphoglycerate 9 Enolase 2 H2O 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate

2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 ADP 10 Pyruvate kinase 2 ATP 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD+ 6 Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 NADH 2 P i + 2 H+ 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 7 Phosphoglycerokinase 2 ATP 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 ADP 2 3-Phosphoglycerate 8 10 Phosphoglyceromutase Pyruvate kinase 2 ATP 2 2-Phosphoglycerate 9 Enolase 2 H2O 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 ADP 10 Pyruvate kinase 2 ATP 2 Pyruvate 2 Pyruvate

Energy investment phase Glucose 2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP used Energy payoff phase 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Net Glucose 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 ATP 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+

Stage of Aerobic Cellular Respiration ATP Accounting: Stage of Aerobic Cellular Respiration ATP NADH (1 NADH  3 ATP FADH2 (1 FADH2  2 ATP Glycolysis 2 Oxidative decarboxylation Krebs cycle Electron transport chain TOTALS

Oxidative decarboxylation: CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION NAD+ NADH + H+ 2 1 3 Acetyl CoA Pyruvate Coenzyme A CO2 Transport protein

Stage of Aerobic Cellular Respiration ATP Accounting: Stage of Aerobic Cellular Respiration ATP NADH (1 NADH  3 ATP FADH2 (1 FADH2  2 ATP Glycolysis 2 Oxidative decarboxylation Krebs cycle Electron transport chain TOTALS

KREBS CYCLE

Acetyl CoA CoA—SH 1 Oxaloacetate Citrate Citric acid cycle

Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle H2O CoA—SH 1 H2O Oxaloacetate 2 Citrate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle

Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle -Keto- CoA—SH 1 H2O Oxaloacetate 2 Citrate Isocitrate NAD+ Citric acid cycle NADH 3 + H+ CO2 -Keto- glutarate

Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle -Keto- CoA—SH 1 H2O Oxaloacetate 2 Citrate Isocitrate NAD+ Citric acid cycle NADH 3 + H+ CO2 CoA—SH -Keto- glutarate 4 CO2 NAD+ NADH Succinyl CoA + H+

Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle -Keto- CoA—SH 1 H2O Oxaloacetate 2 Citrate Isocitrate NAD+ Citric acid cycle NADH 3 + H+ CO2 CoA—SH -Keto- glutarate 4 CoA—SH 5 CO2 NAD+ Succinate P NADH i GTP GDP Succinyl CoA + H+ ADP ATP

Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Malate Citrate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle CoA—SH 1 H2O Oxaloacetate 2 Malate Citrate Isocitrate NAD+ Citric acid cycle NADH 3 7 + H+ H2O CO2 Fumarate CoA—SH -Keto- glutarate 6 4 CoA—SH FADH2 5 CO2 NAD+ FAD Succinate P P NADH i GTP GDP Succinyl CoA + H+ ADP ATP

Fig. 9-12-6 Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate Citric acid CoA—SH 1 H2O Oxaloacetate 2 Citrate Isocitrate NAD+ Citric acid cycle NADH 3 + H+ CO2 Fumarate CoA—SH -Keto- glutarate 6 4 CoA—SH FADH2 5 CO2 NAD+ FAD Succinate P NADH i GTP GDP Succinyl CoA + H+ ADP ATP

Fig. 9-12-8 Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Malate Citrate Isocitrate Citric CoA—SH NADH +H+ 1 H2O NAD+ 8 Oxaloacetate 2 Malate Citrate Isocitrate NAD+ Citric acid cycle NADH 3 7 + H+ H2O CO2 Fumarate CoA—SH -Keto- glutarate 4 6 CoA—SH FADH2 5 CO2 NAD+ FAD Succinate P NADH i GTP GDP Succinyl CoA + H+ ADP ATP

Pyruvate CO2 NAD+ CoA NADH + H+ Acetyl CoA CoA CoA Citric acid cycle 2 Fig. 9-11 Pyruvate CO2 NAD+ CoA NADH + H+ Acetyl CoA CoA CoA Citric acid cycle 2 CO2 FADH2 3 NAD+ FAD 3 NADH + 3 H+ ADP + P i ATP

Stage of Aerobic Cellular Respiration ATP NADH (1 NADH  3 ATP FADH2 (1 FADH2  2 ATP Glycolysis 2 Oxidative decarboxylation Krebs cycle 6 Electron transport chain TOTALS

Electron Transport Chain

Electron transport chain 2 Chemiosmosis Fig. 9-16 H+ H+ H+ H+ Protein complex of electron carriers Cyt c V Q   ATP synthase  2 H+ + 1/2O2 H2O FADH2 FAD NADH NAD+ ADP + P ATP i (carrying electrons from food) H+ 1 Electron transport chain 2 Chemiosmosis Oxidative phosphorylation

INTERMEMBRANE SPACE H+ Stator Rotor Internal rod Cata- lytic knob ADP Fig. 9-14 INTERMEMBRANE SPACE H+ Stator Rotor Internal rod Cata- lytic knob ADP + P ATP i MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX

Citric acid cycle CYTOSOL Electron shuttles span membrane MITOCHONDRION 2 NADH or 2 FADH2 2 NADH 2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH2 Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis 2 Pyruvate 2 Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Glucose + 2 ATP + 2 ATP + about 32 or 34 ATP About 36 or 38 ATP Maximum per glucose:

Stage of Aerobic Cellular Respiration ATP NADH (1 NADH  3 ATP FADH2 (1 FADH2  2 ATP Glycolysis 2 Oxidative decarboxylation Krebs cycle 6 Electron transport chain 34 TOTALS 38 10

Anaerobic Respiration

Two types: Lactic acid fermentation

2. Alcoholic fermentation

What about other molecules we eat? Do they provide any energy? Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids

So, we’ve been talking about how organisms extract energy from glucose…..so….. WHERE DID THE ENERGY IN THE GLUCOSE COME FROM? And how did the sun’s energy get captured in glucose molecules?

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

The equation for PHOTOSYNTHESIS: