PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN PERSON THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY BATASAN CAMPUS 2017-2018 Prof Fabian T. Avila, Jr.

WHAT IS KNOWLEDGE? People use the word “know” but what does it mean? Most of us feel that we have an intuitive grasp of the concept, but providing more rigorous analysis of it is difficult. The most popular account of knowledge is Tripartite Theory. The theory which analyzes knowledge as justified true belief and widely used as working model.

The closest thing to a rival to. the tripartite theory is The closest thing to a rival to the tripartite theory is Infallibilism, which suggests that knowledge requires absolute certainty, as opposed to belief or opinion about which there is more doubt.

Propositional knowledge TYPES of KNOWLEDGE Personal Knowledge Procedural knowledge Propositional knowledge

1. Personal knowledge or knowledge by acquaintance Knowledge in this sense is to do with being familiar with something or someone. ex. In order to know Amy, one must meet her. In order to know fear, we must experienced it. Personal Knowledge thus seems to involve coming to know a certain number of propositions in a particular way.

2. Procedural Knowledge Knowledge how to do something The claim how to juggle and how to drive are claims to have procedural knowledge. It is different from what you have learned the theory than how actually applied the said theory. Knowing how to drive involves possessing a skill, being able to do something, which is very different to merely knowing a collection of facts.

3. Propositional Knowledge This is knowledge of facts What important is that this not enough to give you either personal or procedural knowledge.

Personal involves acquiring. propositional knowledge in Personal involves acquiring propositional knowledge in a certain way, and procedural may entail propositional knowledge but the same propositional knowledge certainly does not entail procedural knowledge.

THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE

1. EMPIRICISM a philosophical doctrine holding that all knowledge is derived from experience. A doctrine basic to the scientific method, empiricism is associated with the rise of experimental science after the 17th century.

Empiricism can perhaps be better. characterized in terms of what it Empiricism can perhaps be better characterized in terms of what it denies. To begin with, it is rejection of the doctrine found in various forms in the beliefs of Platonism and Idealism, that when the human mind first encounters the world it is already furnished with a range of ideas or concepts, which accordingly owe nothing to experience.

Empiricism can perhaps be better. characterized in terms of what it Empiricism can perhaps be better characterized in terms of what it denies. To begin with, it is rejection of the doctrine found in various forms in the beliefs of Platonism and idealism, that when the human mind first encounters the world it is already furnished with a range of ideas or concepts, which accordingly owe nothing to experience.

By contrast, empiricism maintains. that at birth the mind is “a By contrast, empiricism maintains that at birth the mind is “a white page” or a blank tablet, void of all characters, and that only experience can provide it with ideas. John Locke, Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes are known empiricists

Empiricist argued that what. knowable to human Empiricist argued that what knowable to human understanding is limited to what is perceivable by the sensory perception. For anything to be valid, true and real, must pass the test of being knowable by sense perception.

2. IDEALISM A philosophical doctrine whose view is that what would normally be called the “external world” is somehow created by the mind, or otherwise immaterial. Idealism does not quarrel with the plain man’s view that the material world is wholly independent of minds.

It attempts to. account for all. objects in nature and It attempts to account for all objects in nature and experience as representations of the mind and sometimes to assign to such representations a higher order of existence. Plato is a known person in this principle.

3. SCEPTICISM Holds that the possibility of knowledge is limited, because of either the limitations of the mind or the inaccessibility of its objects.

Sceptics argue that our senses. are unreliable and that even Sceptics argue that our senses are unreliable and that even the experts contradict one another. This just shows that knowledge may be sought, but cannot be found. There is much in life that is open to doubt.

We confine our doubts to specific questions. Philosophical scepticism, unlike ordinary scepticism. Doubts whole category of beliefs. Ergo, everything must be doubted in order for us to acquire sure knowledge for ourselves. David Hume and Rene Descartes are the believers of this school of thought.

4. SOLIPSISM Solus = alone Ipse = self an extreme philosophical doctrine that only minds and their contents exists. Or a theory that only one's own mind is sure to exist

As an epistemological position, solipsism As an epistemological position, solipsism holds that knowledge of anything outside one's own mind is unsure. External and other world cannot be known and might not exist outside the mind. As a metaphysical position, solipsism does further to the conclusion that the world and other minds do not exist.

5. RATIONALISM A distinct principle which stated that knowledge can be acquired through reason. Rene Descartes acknowledged founder of this doctrine. Reason is universal to all men and that is the most important element in the human nature. Everything in this world can be explained. Cogito, ergo sum.

6. REALISM Reality must be without contradiction A true world-view or account of the world would be a harmonious system of mutually consistent and intrinsically non- contradictory concept. Everything that you can see as real, is real. Every reality that is manifested by your mind and is with harmony with the system, can be regarded as real.

Socrates was known to have argued. a great deal with men of Socrates was known to have argued a great deal with men of discoursed too readily of justice; he asked them – “What is it?” He demanded from them accurate definitions, clear thinking and exact analysis.

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING ! ! !