Plant Growth and Development Regulation of Plant Growth and Development

Growth in Animals Animals grow throughout the whole organism many regions & tissues at different rates

Growth in Plants Specific regions of growth: meristems stem cells: perpetually embryonic tissue regenerate new cells apical shoot meristem growth in length primary growth apical root meristem lateral meristem growth in girth secondary growth

Apical meristems shoot root

Root structure & growth protecting the meristem

protecting the meristem Shoot growth Apical bud & primary growth of shoot region of stem growth axillary buds “waiting in the wings” protecting the meristem Young leaf primordium Apical meristem Older leaf primordium Lateral bud primordium Vascular tissue

Growth in woody plants Woody plants grow in height from tip Primary xylem Growth in woody plants Woody plants grow in height from tip primary growth apical meristem Woody plants grow in diameter from sides secondary growth lateral meristems vascular cambium makes 2° phloem & 2° xylem cork cambium makes bark Primary phloem Epidermis Lateral meristems Secondary xylem Primary phloem Primary xylem Secondary phloem Annual growth layers Bark

Secondary growth Secondary growth growth in diameter thickens & strengthens older part of tree cork cambium makes bark growing ring around tree vascular cambium makes xylem & phloem

Why are early & late growth different? Vascular cambium Phloem produced to the outside Xylem produced to the inside bark phloem cork cambium xylem late vascular cambium early last year’s xylem

Woody stem How old is this tree? cork cambium vascular cambium late early 3 2 1 xylem phloem bark

Tree trunk anatomy tree girdling What does girdling do to a tree? Aaaargh! Murderer! Arborcide! Tree trunk anatomy tree girdling What does girdling do to a tree?

Plant hormones auxin gibberellins abscisic acid ethylene cytokinins

Auxin (IAA) Effects controls cell division & differentiation phototropism growth towards light asymmetrical distribution of auxin cells on darker side elongate faster than cells on brighter side apical dominance

Used as “rooting hormone” Auxin on roots Used as “rooting hormone”

Cytokinins -made in roots and travel upwards Effect of cytokinins and lack of auxin

Gibberellins Family of hormones Effects over 100 different gibberellins identified Effects stem elongation fruit growth seed germination plump grapes in grocery stores have been treated with gibberellin hormones while on the vine

Gibberellins - Made in apical meristems (roots and shoots) and developing seeds -shows effect of ‘”bolting” of flower producing stem

Gibberellins - Made in apical meristems (roots and shoots) and developing seeds -shows effect of ‘”bolting” of flower producing stem

Abscisic acid (ABA) Effects slows growth stimulates closing of stomata (K+transport out of guard cells) seed dormancy high concentrations of abscisic acid germination only after ABA is inactivated or leeched out survival value: seed will germinate only under optimal conditions light, temperature, moisture

Ethylene Hormone gas released by plant cells Effects fruit ripening leaf drop like in Autumn apoptosis

Fruit ripening Adaptation Mechanism hard, tart fruit protects developing seed from herbivores ripe, sweet, soft fruit attracts animals to disperse seed Mechanism triggers ripening process breakdown of cell wall softening conversion of starch to sugar sweetening positive feedback system ethylene triggers ripening ripening stimulates more ethylene production

Tropisms

Negative gravitropism Positive gravitropism Unequal distribution of organelles

Thigmotropism

Sudden movements caused by sudden release of K+ Response is transmitted to other leaves via action potentials

May be related to cyclic concentrations in a transcription factor Circadian Rhythms May be related to cyclic concentrations in a transcription factor

Photoperiod and control of flowering Relative length of day and night

Red is most effective in interrupting flowering A flash of far red can reverse the effect of red

Sunlight has high amount of red light cytochrome in Pfr by sunset Phytochromes photoreceptors that function in a plants response of flowering, germination Have 2 forms: 1 absorbs red light (Pr), the other far red light (Pfr) Sunlight has high amount of red light cytochrome in Pfr by sunset Need minimum amount of night to covert back to Fr to trigger flowering