Ethical Issues in Science IRSL Fall 2016 September 7, 2016

How would you define ethics and ethical behavior? ANSWER ON SOCRATIVE ROOM NAME: BIOL260

How to define Ethics “…ethics are norms for conduct that distinguish between or acceptable and unacceptable behavior…one may also define ethics as a method, procedure, or perspective for deciding how to act and for analyzing complex problems and issues… research ethics [training] should be able to help researchers grapple with ethical dilemmas in that it introduces researchers to some important concepts, tools, principles, and methods that can be useful in resolving these dilemmas.” Tom Resnik What is Research Ethics?

Science can progress when scientists present honest research in an honest way. Manipulated data reported in a scientific paper may mislead other researchers and cause them to waste effort by testing poor hypotheses.

Trust in Research https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSV4VZ8gdUQ

Trends in Research Misconduct https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTwUdQOV9Vg

Questionable research practices Overall goal is to be honest, fair, and do good science (in a way that is repeatable, well-documented, and publishable)

Data/Materials Failing to retain significant research data for a reasonable period. Maintaining inadequate research records. Using inappropriate statistical or other methods of measurement to enhance the significance of research findings. Refusing to give peers reasonable access to unique research materials or data that support published papers Available: Original data should be available to others. The researcher or PI have the responsibility to keep the data for sufficient time. Granting agencies may have requirements for data collection used for grant funded research, NIH requires data to be retained for three years after the final report is submitted. especially results that are published or are relied on by others. Not keeping records in an understandable and completed from is not proper in science, even when a lot of the data recorded will not be publishable. WHAT do you think characterizes adequate research methods? WHY do you think people might be hesitant to give peers access to unique research materials?

Publications Content Misrepresenting speculations as fact or releasing preliminary research, without providing sufficient data. Selective reporting of research. Publish the same study in more than one journal. Authorship Should include those who contributed significantly to the design and conduct of the experiments, analysis and interpretation of the data and or writing of the paper Acknowledgements WHAT factors might cause someone to misrepresent data?

People Inadequately supervising research subordinates or exploiting them. Harming another scientist’s research to stop or slow the competitor. Conflict of interest: researcher biased by benefiting financially or gaining proprietary information (peer review). COI: What if you want to perform and publish research on a product that is produced by a company that is owned by your mother. Your mother is also paying for all research supplies used to test her life-changing product. Ethical or not?

Campbell University Student Handbook: Academic Conduct Members of the University community should be “honest in all behavior” Students are expected to uphold the high standards set forth above in all of their academic pursuits. Misconduct includes: e) Allowing one’s work to be presented as the work of someone else g) Using the words, ideas, or information of another source directly without properly acknowledging that source. i) Submitting the same work for multiple classes without the knowledge and permission of all involved faculty k) Concealing, removing, or destroying materials intended for the use of others n) Forging, falsifying, or fraudulently using university documents q) Failing to report instances of academic misconduct to appropriate officials

Human and Animal subjects Benefit of research must we weight against potential for temporary pain and discomfort (and the possibility for permanent injury) IRB (institutional review board) HUMANS require INFORMED CONSENT ANIMALS review board determine housing, veterinary oversight, how animals are obtained. IRB can also be known as the IEC independent ethics committee or ethical review board ERB I am going to test how a particular type of treatment kills bacteria – my goal is to kill bacteria. Ethical?

What types of research require ethical approval? Humans or animals (including collection of their tissues) Access to personal information

When in the scientific process do you think about ethics? Planning, apply ethics during all stages of the science. First what is the cost/benefit. Does it harm you or something or someone?

Chronic famine and the immoratilty of food aid Joseph Fletcher Article posted on website wordpress.campbell.edu/Stephaniemathews Food relief When should we share? We should provide solutions not crisis intervention. Does aid add to misery or relieve it?

Genetically modified Food Golden Rice Genetically engineering to make beta- carotene Beta-carotene is a precursor to vitamin A Vitamin deficiency is common in Asia and Africa Lack of vitamin A is the leading cause of childhood blindness Vitamin A deficiency is estimated to affect 1/3 children under the age of 5 around the world, claiming 670,000 children under the age of five annually.