1. Ethical issue
in medical research

2. ETHICS-Greek word:
ethos=custom or convention, or the spirit of community
Moral principles that govern a person’s behaviour or the conducting of an activity: Oxford dictionary (2014)

3. Development of Ethical Codes
Nuremberg code, 1947
Helsinki Declaration 1965, rewritten WHO
Belmont report of the national commission for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research , 1979
CIOMS guidelines ,Council for international organizations of medical sciences

4. Ethical issue is an important aspect in all research work especially those researches that are related to human being.
In all institutions and research agencies, there should be an ethical committee. No research can be implemented before getting the approval from the ethical committee.

5. INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW/INSTITUTIONAL ETHICAL COMMITTEE
Committee that reviews research to ensure that the investigator is conducting research ethically
Consists of at least five members from different background
IRB in hospitals composed of physicians, lawyers, clergy, community and lay persons and more recently nurses.

7. Main points in the ethical aspect:
Ethically we should serve and of our community.
Research Question (RQ): should be relevant to the important health problems present in our country.

8. You as a researcher must be sure (up to your knowledge) that specific exposure (under study) is not (by any means) harmful to the participants.

9. you must inform the respondents that:
We shall conduct a study
The aim and objectives of the study are ….
No harm for them up to our knowledge and readings
The possible complications may emerge are …
The choice of participation is available to them.

10. Get their acceptance through:
Official approvals
Written consent
Verbal or oral consent

11. Fundamental rules: No rewards No penalties
The right to withdraw at any time
Anonymity
Confidentiality

12. Decide when to stop & when to proceed:
If we noticed that the agent under study is seems to be harmful … so it is unethical to continue.
at the same time If we noticed that the agent under study is seems to be very beneficial … also it is unethical to continue.

13. Ethical issue in publication:
Choosing the journal
Follow the policy and style of the journal
Authors’ approval
Corresponding author

14. Author’s Contribution.
Many researchers are supported by public money or Funding agency and regulations on conflicts of interest,
research involving humans or animals are necessary to ensure that money is spent appropriately.
These include the importance of publishing findings in a transparent way, not plagiarizing others’ work, and not falsifying work or fabrication.