Introduction to History of Sindh and culture ڊاڪٽر غفورميمڻ Dr . Ghafoor Memon

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Knowing means “to see reality in its nakedness” Knowing means “to see reality in its nakedness” . Knowing doesn't mean to be in possession of the truth (Erick fromm)

Mythology History Culture .

Mythology Before defining the term "mythology" one needs to define the meaning of the word "myth". The word itself comes from the Greek "mythos" which originally meant "speech" or "discourse" but which later came to mean "fable" or "legend". "myth" is a story of forgotten or vague origin, basically religious or supernatural in nature, which seeks to explain or rationalize one or more aspects of the world or a society. Some myths describe some actual historical event, but have been embellished and refashioned by various story tellers over time so that it is impossible to tell what really happened.

History Although commonly used to refer to events which happened earlier in time, 'history' in academic study is either the study of the past or the product of our attempts to understand the past, rather than the past itself.

Culture Material culture Spiritual culture A term used to describe the objects produced by human beings, including buildings, structures, monuments, tools, weapons, utensils, furniture, art, and indeed any physical item created by a society. As such, material culture is the main source of information about the past from which archaeologists can make inferences. A distinction is often made between those aspects of culture that appear as physical objects and those aspects that are non-material. spiritual culture reflects in such human creations as art, literature, philosophy, Social values and religion.

Epochs of universe in Mythology of Hinduism

Sindh in mythology Kali-Yuga starts from -18 February 3102 BCE

Sindh is mainly sea born land first Kolarian inhabited Sindh

Dravidians came later

The Aryans were semi-nomadic Nordic Whites, perhaps located originally on the steppes of southern Russia and Central Asia, who spoke the parent language of the various Indo-European languages. .

Aryans in Sindh

Group of Aryans Aryans came from Europe in five groups. paru Aanu Darhyo Yadhu tarsu

Sindhu in Veda In the beginning was the word. The first recorded word was the Veda. And the Veda is just ecstatic about the Sindhu, the cradle of Indian civilization. According to Veda ``Sindhu in might surpasses all the streams that flow.... His roar is lifted up to heaven above the earth; he puts forth endless vigor with a flash of light .... so other rivers roar into the Sindhu. As a warrior- king leads other warriors, so does Sindhu lead other rivers.... Rich in good steeds is Sindhu, rich in gold, nobly fashioned, rich in ample wealth.'' Sindhu is too alive and too divine to be `it''; and so Sindhu is ``he''!

Sindh during Mahabharata King Jayadratha of Sindh was married to Kaurava princess, Dushhala. He was, therefore, all along on the side of the Kauravas --- and against the Pandavas. However, be it said to the credit of Jayadratha that he, like Dhritarashtra and Bhishma, opposed the disastrous game of dice between the Pandavas and the Kauravas

History of Sindh : Aryan rule for about 1000 years BC 810 : Egyptian Emperor Sume Rames attacked Sindh BC 326-325 : Alexander the Great stormed through the Indus Valley, BC 313 : Buddhism was popularized in Sindh during emperor Ashoka's period. AD 280-500 : Persian rule.

History of Sindh AD 550-711 : i) Rai Sahiras and his son Rai Sahasi ruled Sindh and formed Rai Dynasty. Chach succeeded the Rai and founded Brahman Dynasty. (iii) Raja Dahar (Chach's son) took over from Chander (Chach's brother). Raja Dahar ruled Sindh for several years AD 711-1026 : Sindh was invaded by a 17-year old Arab General, Muhammad Bin Qasim, establishing the Arab rule for next 305 years.

History of Sindh AD 1026-1350 : Soomro Dynasty ruled Sindh for 300 years. AD 1054 : Soomras faced ruinous invasion by Mahmood Ghaznavi and Allauddin Khilji AD 1351 : The rise of the Samma Dynasty in Sindh. AD 1521-1554 : Arghun Rule was established in Sindh by Shah Beg. He was a descendant of Changez Khan. AD 1554-1591 : General Mirza Isa Beg found Tarkhan Dynasty in Sindh (Turks in origin) after the death of Shah Hassan Arghun. AD 1555 : Portuguese sacked Thatta, a bustling metropolis of Sindh.

AD 1591-1700 : Shanshah Akbar, the Ruler of Hindustan, annexed Sindh, and ruled Sindh by appointing his governors. (40 Governors were appointed during the 81 years of rule.) AD 1701-1782 : Kalhoras ruled Sindh for 85 years. Twelve Kalhora rulers ruled during this time. This period is known as the golden period of Sindhi literature. Poets like Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai... Sachal Sarmast... and Sami... are among the prominent poets of Sindh.

AD 1782-1843 : Talpurs ruled Sindh for 61 years AD 1782-1843 : Talpurs ruled Sindh for 61 years. The country was divided into three states - Hyderabad State, Khairpur State and the State of Mirpur Khas. AD 1843 : Talpur rulers of Sindh and Baluchistan were defeated by the British under Sir Charles Napier. AD 1851 : Sindhi language was declared official language of Sindh. AD 1853 : Final and refined version of Sindhi script was adopted by the British throughout Sindh and Bombay, which still exist in Sindh today. AD 1947 : India achieved independence from British rule after a long struggle and great sacrifices. Sindh became part of newly created Islamic State of Pakistan.

Mohan jo darro and ranikot Culture

Pottery and Jewelry

Culture

Sindhi topi and ajerk

Cultural activities Melas (fairs) and malakharas (wrestling festivals) are popular. Falconry, horse and camel breeding and racing are characteristic pastimes. Sindhi fishermen float earthen pots to catch the palla fish in the Indus, bullock cart racing and cockfighting are also typical of the province.

Language Sindhi language is an ancient language spoken in [Pakistan] and many other parts of the world. It is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by approximately 41 million people in Pakistan, and 12 million people in [[India]]; it is the second most spoken language of Pakistan, mostly spoken in the Sindh province. It is a recognized official language in Pakistan, and also an official language in India. [[Government of Pakistan]] issues [[National Identity Cards to its citizens only in two languages; [[Sindhi language |Sindhi]] and [[Urdu]].

Philosophy of Sindh Jainism Buddhism Islam Sufism

Sufism

Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai is one of the great Sufi poets and intellectuals of South Asia. He is a notable enlightened humanist, who firmly believed in the metaphysics of the unity of being and turned the socio-psychological implications of this metaphysics into subjects of his impressive poetry. His voice repeats the echo of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization and is the expression of the same spirit which can be felt in the poetic works of Baba Fareed, Shah Hussain, Baba Buleh Shah, Khushal Khan Khattak, Khawja Fareed and other Sufi poets of our region.

Sufism "Jay to beth-a bhainya say a'ayatoon aheen-i Neo mann-o l'aeen piriny-a sand-e pa'ar-a dey." "What you consider couplets of songs, Are in-fact verses from the Holy Book, That guide you to the Beloved's abode." ..........Bhitai

What is Sufism "Sufi" is a unique word. "Sufi" is a unique Power. It does not relate to any particular religion. It belongs to all of humanity. "Sufi" is a clear, pure Essence that has filtered and settled slowly, deep within Sufi says “ there is only one God “ Sindhi Sufism boils down to one word and that is 'LOVE'. To reach the state of 'ETERNAL LOVE', one must reduce to 'NOTHING'. Nothing means self annihilation or giving up the world and the ego. In the 'SILENCE' of nothingness you hear and feel the existence of the eternal love within you. And when you reach this state of eternal love you see this love 'RESONATING' in all of the creation or in other words you are in 'UNION' with the eternal love. That is when you can truely say that you have found the 'TRUTH'. It was this stage when Mansoor Al-Hilaj said, "An al-Haq" (I am the Truth) and he was killed.

As Sachal Sarmast said: "Punhoon Punhoon thee karyan, Punhoon aaoon paNa" (Sassui says: "Punhoon, Punhoon I cry, Punhoon I have become") Saaeen Latif also shows us the right way by saying: "WanJeen CHHo waNkar, Hit-i na Ggolheen Hot-a Khay, Liko kon-a Latif CHaway Mbarocho Mbee-a par-i, Nai neeNa Nihari, to mein dero dost-a jo." "Why find Him everywhere but here, He doesn't hide somewhere else, Look inward, He is living in thyself."

Sufis pay much credence to Sufis pay much credence to. God is not just to be found in a place or thing. The House of God is not in a temple or in any other place. It is in our heart and mind. The essence of God is not just in an idol but in all things. "In the beginning, there was nothing but "Allah". But the Unity had utter loneliness. So the Universe and Consciousness came to be, Separated from the Unity. But then there was alienation. Now, every entity in the universe is in perpetual motion, Restless due to gravitation (attraction), With every other entity in the Universe. The polarities of the world cause disturbance and pain. Liberation is [spiritual] annihilation of existence, And merging with the whole. what the Buddha calls 'Nirvana'], For the material universe and the [individual] consciousness is only ephemeral."

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