Warsaw Stove Summit, May 29 2017 Discussions Challenges and Knowledge Gaps From Coal Heating and Combined Cooking and Heating Stoves Warsaw Stove Summit, May 29 2017 Discussions

Problem Definition: Combined Cooking & Heating Stoves Lack of research on global and regional emissions from combined cooking and heating stoves Limited research to characterize typical utilization patterns and resulting fuel use and emissions Focus on fuel use ignores emissions Large gap on water heating, may represent 30-50% daily use Other uses not included: activities for income, home brewing, animal feed, etc.

Problem Definition: Combined Cooking & Heating Stoves Combined cooking and heating stoves are not accounted for in global or regional emission inventories and models, including GAINS Mapping this use more specifically close to snow and ice No accepted protocol for BC emissions Two major patterns?: Primary cooking with spillover heating needs (mostly at night), more temperate and alpine regions Primary heating with some cooking (or water boiling) functions

Problem Definition: Residential Coal Heating Limited data on allocation of coal use in residential sector between cooking and heating stoves, as well as heating boilers Focus on fuel use rather than total emissions No accepted protocol for BC emissions Lab testing versus field/user error Is there a “burn right” for coal? Gaps in incidence Is this a discrete category, or are all coal stoves also “combined use” (answer seems to be yes)

Health, Climate and Environmental Impacts Global Burden of Disease (GBD) estimates do not differentiate between household air pollution produced from different end uses, including cooking and heating Need for a better understanding of the magnitude of the contributions by end use and fuel type, in order to inform mitigation approaches. Currently, little data on the use of solid fuels for heating, and the burden of disease from heating stoves “Household air pollution” indicator is incomplete, as it doesn’t include household heating, only household cooking

Health, Climate and Environmental Impacts “Household air pollution” is not clearly defined in either the GBD database or most of the summary papers that report major findings. Often assumed that it includes household heating as well as cooking. Greater understanding of residential solid fuel combustion by end use (heating, cooking, lighting of combination of these) and fuel type is needed For black carbon impacts on climate, it is important to understand the emissions from residential solid fuel combustion, and geographic location Important to understand those countries whose emissions might have an oversized impact on the cryosphere, and target interventions to those countries

Warsaw Stove Summit, May 30 2017 Discussions Tomorrow: Solutions in a World of Gaps? What Solutions Needed to Identified Gaps (testing/emissions data) as well as mitigation focus? Warsaw Stove Summit, May 30 2017 Discussions

Standards and Testing It is often difficult to compare emissions from different stoves because of the diversity of standards and testing methods Stove testing does not always adequately reflect “real-world” performance Lack of synergies between cookstove and heatstove communities in evaluating emissions and developing cleaner technologies Need for better understanding of the effectiveness and use of ecolabels to compare stoves Shortage of standards and testing for black carbon and organic carbon

Technology, Policy and Financing Better understanding of fuel properties and thermal efficiency of stoves Subsidy programs often pay more attention to price than quality, and many were originally designed to reduce fuel use, not to reduce emissions Delays in setting product standards mean that stoves can be on the market for years without having national or industry standards, Attention to institutional barriers is important for scaling up interventions Lack of capacity for local small businesses to develop & manufacture “improved” stoves Lack of monitoring and evaluation for stove intervention programs Costs of “improved” stoves pose major challenges for many households, as does financing for stove improvement programs