From Gray and Guppy – Tips for Creating Indicators: • Use multiple indicators whenever possible. • Capture the full range of a concept. • Be consistent between the conceptual and measurement levels. • Variability of an indicator is important.

Think about the unit of analysis (e.g., individual, family, group). • For the material that I presented in class, what was my unit of analysis? • If I had measured aggregate network centrality for each environmental group what would be my unit of analysis. • If I did research that compared the aggregate network centrality of the environmental movement with that of the labour movement what would be my unit of analysis.

From Babbie and Benaquisto “Units of analysis: The what or whom being studied. In social science research, the most typical units of analysis are individual people.” Usually the unit of analysis is the “unit” that you collect the data on. Those sometimes you can collect data from smaller units and describe the characteristics of larger units.

Types of Validity: • face validity • criterion validity • content validity • construct validity