Key issues Why – objectives: CBM (in this case) but be clear on each stakeholder’s objectives What is their involvement – level of participation identified and clear from the outset Who is involved – Stakeholders identified and kind of participation agreed and clear How – attitudes and behaviour, methods and process design At the beginning of a new session or day remember to recap previous concepts

How (to facilitate participation)? Attitudes and behaviour √ Methods – e.g. PRA/PLA tools Good process

Participatory Rural Appraisal Participatory Learning and Action PRA / PLA is a family of approaches and methods to enable local people to share, enhance and analyse their knowledge of life and conditions, to plan and to act. Also may be appropriate for participants to carry out some individual reading on PLA/PRA/RRA for example Chambers

Participatory Rural Appraisal Participatory Learning and Action The behaviour and attitudes of outsider facilitators are crucial, including relaxing not rushing, showing respect, ‘handing over the stick’, and being self-critically aware. Investigation, sharing and analysis is done by and for the people, and is often visual, and in groups.

Video Key issues 2/2 Marker 2:50 of key issues video clip

Community steps 1. What is our situation? 2. Why these problems and what can we do? 3. Can the community agree a way forward? 4. How can we tell our plan is working? Table showing relationship between the steps the community may be taking to address their issues and the process a support or facilitator team may consider

Community steps Facilitation steps 1. What is our situation? 1 Situation analysis Generate relevant information for discussion and analysis about the local environment, resource use and problems 2. Why these problems and what can we do? 2 Learning & Awareness Discuss traditional and scientific information important for understanding issues and planning actions 3. Can the community agree a way forward? 3 Action Planning Select priority issues and develop actions to address these including time frame and responsible people/agencies 4. How can we tell our plan is working? 4 Monitoring plan Develop and implement a monitoring plan during subsequent workshops and follow up Table showing relationship between the steps the community may be taking to address their issues and the process a support or facilitator team may consider

Core of PLA Facilitating: They do it, empowering and enabling villagers to do more or all of the investigation and analysis. Our behavior and attitudes: the behavior and rapport of the facilitators is more important than the methods – asking villagers to teach us, “handing over the stick/pen” A culture of sharing: of information, of methods, of food, of experiences

Core of PLA Critical self-awareness: about our attitudes and behavior, learning from error, trying to do better – “Failing forwards” Listening and learning instead of lecturing: “Knowledge should be on tap not on top” NOT Imposing our ideas and values on them, interrupting them, allowing our project pressures to affect the process It must be fun

Community steps Facilitation steps PLA tools 1. What is our situation? 1 Situation analysis Generate relevant information for discussion and analysis about the local environment, resource use and problems Mapping Historical profile / timeline Seasonal calendar 2. Why these problems and what can we do? 2 Learning & Awareness Discuss traditional and scientific information important for understanding issues and planning actions Ecological and traditional knowledge Stakeholder analysis Problem trees 3. Can the community agree a way forward? 3 Action Planning Select priority issues and develop actions to address these including time frame and responsible people/agencies Issue discussion / ranking Action plan / matrix 4. How can we tell our plan is working? 4 Monitoring plan Develop and implement a monitoring plan during subsequent workshops and follow up Link to Action plan Table showing relationship between the steps the community may be taking to address their issues and the process a support or facilitator team may consider and including the types of tool (mostly PLA) that may be useful

Methods and tools e.g. PRA/PLA Watch the following video and look out for these tools especially: Mapping Historical profile / timeline Seasonal calendar Matrix - Action plan AND also watch how the facilitators behave

Video Mangrove use in Pakistan Video clip: PRA methods.mpeg

Mapping tool Form 4 groups Methods Mapping tool Form 4 groups One of the group is randomly selected as facilitator and must facilitate the group following the advice received in this course. One of the group is observer and watches process noting good things and things that could be improved of facilitator. Facilitator follows the guidelines in the handout for mapping and using the example of ……. Make sure that you end by getting the group to note on separate post-its things they think need to be changed i.e. problems (one thing per post it) 45 minutes Good to give the group a prepared handout (see HO mapping.doc) so the group has guidance and has some further background on the tool to consider. The trainer should choose a location for the participants that most are familiar with if possible.

Methods Mapping debrief Show maps and consider the way they have been done – whose has most useful information and why? Facilitator encouraged discussion? Challenging for facilitator to keep knowledge “on tap” Time and pressure See mapping guidelines handout

Methods Mapping comments Attitudes – questioning technique, probing – did the facilitator encourage discussion Biases – who in, who left out etc. Work the map – interview the map Careful of “interpreting” Awareness and be self critical Triangulation Value of diversity – represent different interests, don’t lose the detail

Methods Historical profile Used to stimulate discussion on changes affecting the community and possible causes – useful for e.g. resource degradation or development An example format could be: Changes 1960 1980 2000 - Present Population Number of houses Etc. Mangroves Fishing areas Amount of fish caught Fishing Methods

Historical profile practical 4 groups New randomly selected facilitator Facilitate the group using the handout to discuss changes affecting … 30 minutes Give out Handout on historical profiels

Historical profile Walk around and look at the other work See who has most information Discuss highlights

Some more key terms Facilitate Triangulate Optimal ignorance Objective driven – not tools driven Improvise

Video - Tools Look out for: Resource mapping Matrix scoring Methods Video - Tools Vatulele - Ecowoman Look out for: Resource mapping Matrix scoring Network diagrams Impact flow Problem trees Vatulele

Methods Seasonal calendar Seasonal calendars are tools to help your community chart periodic events such as agricultural events, marine resource use, fishing times, spawning or migration, changes in prices, times of high labour demand or the different ceremonies in the village.

Seasonal calendar jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec Activities Taro eat taro copra casav apple rest Fish hotel fish feast Income wage Food from sea e.g. Clams rabbitfish x xx xxx etc

Seasonal calendar 4 groups New facilitator following handout 30 minutes Give out Handout

Seasonal calendar Check other groups work Which one seems most useful? Why?

Community steps Facilitation steps PLA tools 1. What is our situation? 1 Situation analysis Generate relevant information for discussion and analysis about the local environment, resource use and problems Mapping Historical profile / timeline Seasonal calendar 2. Why these problems and what can we do? 2 Learning & Awareness Discuss traditional and scientific information important for understanding issues and planning actions Ecological and traditional knowledge Stakeholders Problem trees 3. Can the community agree a way forward? 3 Action Planning Select priority issues and develop actions to address these including time frame and responsible people/agencies Issue discussion / ranking Action plan / matrix 4. How can we tell our plan is working? 4 Monitoring plan Develop and implement a monitoring plan during subsequent workshops and follow up Link to Action plan

Practical exercise Participants divide into groups Facilitate a meeting in nearby community/s for half a day Spend 2-4 hours preparing teams Debrief and evaluate on return Remember to follow appropriate procedures for engaging with village – e.g. why are you there, what do they get out of it, permissions, meals/refreshment etc

Checklist for practical Objectives e.g. Practice and learn tools for CBRM Share experience and awareness of local situation Agenda and process Intro Group making Tools Plenary Roles and jobs Materials Logistics (transport and food) Follow-up and next steps # teams: Facilitator Materials and support Observer/note taker and asst. facilitator Before the meeting agree who is what role Make sure you have all the materials you need: paper, markers, post-its Very important to keep to time Agree agenda

Matrix for evaluation of practical exercise Evaluate the work your group did, particularly: Objectives Groups and group-making Tools Facilitation End/follow-up Others? (timing, logistics, materials etc.) Worked well To improve