1914-1918: The World at War

THE WAR TO END ALL WARS?!

Differing Viewpoints “Family Feud” “The War to End All Wars” “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”

Causes of the War Explain how long term tensions in Europe led to the outbreak of war

M. Militarism A. Alliances N. Nationalism I. Imperialism Causes of the War M. Militarism A. Alliances N. Nationalism I. Imperialism A. Assassination

“A.” The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance: GERMANY GREAT BRITAIN FRANCE AUSTRIA-HUNGARY RUSSIA ITALY Alliance set up as a security or defense measure.

Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers: GREAT BRITAIN RUSSIA GERMANY FRANCE AUSTRIA-HUNGARY RUSSIA TURKEY ITALY

“M.” Militarism (Arms Race) 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers (Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.) in millions 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914 94 130 154 268 289 398 Who had the strongest army? 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France 10% Britain 13% Russia 39% Germany 73% Britain: “Water rats” don’t have to worry about “land rats”. The Naval Race is on!

Victor Emmanuel II [It] The Major Players: 1914-17 Allied Powers: Central Powers: Nicholas II [Rus] Wilhelm II [Ger] George V [Br] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Enver Pasha [Turkey] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Franz Josef [A-H]

“I”. Imperial Rivalries (Economic) Who can obtain the largest empire and control the world!!! Refueling bases, cheap raw materials and new markets

“N”. Aggressive Nationalism Extreme pride in your nation!

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe Europe in 1914 is often compared to a powder keg: safe and secure until a fuse is lit. Who is Serbia’s “Big Bro”?

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family The “Spark” Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo The Assassin: Gsvrilo Princip Many nations had an interest in the region. The Powder Keg had Exploded!

Who’s To Blame?

The Schlieffen Plan

The Schlieffen Plan In 1914, Germany believed war with Russia was extremely likely  If war broke out, Germany assumed France would also attack as she was both an ally of Russia and keen for revenge for her defeat in the Franco-Prussian war If this happened, Germany would face a war on two fronts  Germany wanted to avoid this at all costs Germany planned to defeat France rapidly and then turn to the eastern front for a major offensive on Russia This was the basis for the Schlieffen Plan.

The Schlieffen Plan Attack France through Holland, Belgium & Luxembourg Schlieffen planned to use 90% of German military forces to deliver a knock out. Remaining 10% would defend the eastern border of Germany against Russian attack

Recruitment Posters

Women and the War Effort

Financing the War

For Recruitment

Munitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross Nurses

Russian Women Soldiers

Posters: Wartime Propaganda

Financing the War

The Western Front: A “War of Attrition”

A Multi-Front War

The Western Front

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”

War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in War

Verdun – February, 1916 German offensive. Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

UNITED STATES NEUTRALITY

UNITED STATES NEUTRALITY REMAINS NEUTRAL ONCE WWI BEGINS THE REASON: 3,000 MILES AWAY DID NOT THREATEN AMERICAN LIVES OR PROPERTY

UNITED STATES NEUTRALITY ECONOMIC TIES WITH THE ALLIES WERE FAR STRONGER THAN ITS TIES WITH CENTRAL POWERS US TRADE WITH BRITAIN AND FRANCE MORE THAN DOUBLE TRADE WITH GERMANY

BRITISH BLOCKADE BRITAIN USED NAVAL STRENGTH TO BLOCKAD GERMAN COAST AND PREVENT WEAPONS AND FROM GETTING THROUGH GERMANY BEGAN TO STARVE 750,000 DIED BY 1917

GERMAN RESPONSE BLOCKADED BRITAIN WITH U-BOATS UNTERSEEBOOT-GERMAN FOR SUBMARINE ANY SHIP FOUND IN WATERS AROUND BRITAIN WOULD BE SUNK

U-Boats

The Sinking of the Lusitania MAY 7TH , 1915 GERMAN U-BOAT SANK BRITISH LINER-LUSITANIA OFF THE COAST OF IRELAND 1198 PERSONS LOST (128 AMERICANS)

The Sinking of the Lusitania WILSON TRIED TO MEDIATE BETWEEN ALLIANCES GERMANS IGNORED WILSON’S CALL FOR PEACE GERMANY SAYS ALL U-BOATS WILL SINK ALL SHIPS WILSON BREAKS OF TALKS WITH GERMANY WILSON-”WAIT FOR ACTUAL OVERT ACTS

The Zimmerman Telegram FROM GERMAN FOREIGN MINISTER TO THE GERMAN AMBASSADOR IN MEXICO INTERCEPTED BY BRITISH AGENTS TELEGRAM POSED AN ALLANCE BETWEEN MEXICO & GERMANY PROMISED THAT IF WAR WITH US BROKE OUT…. GERMANY WOULD SUPPORT MEXICO IN RECOVERING “LOST TERRITORY” IN TEXAS, NEW MEXICO, AND ARIZONA MORE SHIPS GET SUNK BY GERMAN U-BOATS WITH OUT WARNING AMERICANS DEMAND WAR

America Joins the Allies

ASKING CONGRESS? PRESIDENT WILSON’S PURPOSE IS ASKING CONGRESS TO DECLARE WAR WAS TO: PAVE THE WAY FOR FUTURE ORDER OF PEACE AND FREEDOM DEMOCRACY IN THE WORLD!

The Yanks Are Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

AMERICAN HOMEFRONT

MOBILIZING FOR WAR IMPACT OF MOBILIZING 3 PARTS ECONOMIC POLITICAL SOCIAL

MOBILIZING FOR WAR TASKS FACED BY THE NATION: TRANSPORTING TROOPS OVERSEAS FILLING INDUSTRIAL JOBS MEN LEFT TO FIGHT RAISING FUNDS THROUGH THE SALE OF WAR BONDS

AMERICAS RESPONSE TO DRAFT SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT HOW DO YOU THINK THEY RESPONDED? RESPONDED WITH ENTHUSIASM 24 MILLION REGISTERED

IMPACT ON IMMIGRANTS MAIN TARGETS WERE GERMAN AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY EMIGRANTS LOST JOBS STOPPED TEACHING GERMAN LANGUAGE VIOLENCE

IMPACT ON IMMIGRANTS CIVIL RIGHTS JUNE 1917 CONGRESS PASSED THE ESPIONAGE ACT MAY 1918 PASSED THE SEDITION ACTS UNDER THESE LAWS A PERSON COULD BE: FINED UP TO 10,000 SENTENCED TO 20 YEARS FOR INTERFERING WITH WAR EFFORT

WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD CREATED TO ENCOURAGE COMPANIES TO USE: MASS-PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES TO INCREASE EFFICIENCY DECREASE THE AMOUNT OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS AVAILABLE