Chapter 5 Section 1 Work Objectives Recognize the difference between the scientific and ordinary definitions of work. Define work by relating it to force and displacement. Identify where work is being performed in a variety of situations. Calculate the net work done when many forces are applied to an object.

Chapter 5 Definition of Work Section 1 Work Definition of Work Work is done on an object when a force causes a displacement of the object. Work is done only when components of a force are parallel to a displacement.

Sign Conventions for Work Chapter 5 Section 1 Work Sign Conventions for Work Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 5 Objectives Identify several forms of energy. Section 2 Energy Objectives Identify several forms of energy. Calculate kinetic energy for an object. Apply the work–kinetic energy theorem to solve problems. Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy. Classify different types of potential energy. Calculate the potential energy associated with an object’s position.

Chapter 5 Kinetic Energy Kinetic Energy Section 2 Energy Kinetic Energy Kinetic Energy The energy of an object that is due to the object’s motion is called kinetic energy. Kinetic energy depends on speed and mass.

Chapter 5 Kinetic Energy Section 2 Energy Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Kinetic Energy, continued Chapter 5 Section 2 Energy Kinetic Energy, continued Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem The net work done by all the forces acting on an object is equal to the change in the object’s kinetic energy. The net work done on a body equals its change in kinetic energy. Wnet = ∆KE net work = change in kinetic energy

Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem Chapter 5 Section 2 Energy Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 5 Sample Problem Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem Section 2 Energy Sample Problem Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem On a frozen pond, a person kicks a 10.0 kg sled, giving it an initial speed of 2.2 m/s. How far does the sled move if the coefficient of kinetic friction between the sled and the ice is 0.10?

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 5 Section 2 Energy Sample Problem, continued Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem 1. Define Given: m = 10.0 kg vi = 2.2 m/s vf = 0 m/s µk = 0.10 Unknown: d = ?

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 5 Section 2 Energy Sample Problem, continued Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem 2. Plan Choose an equation or situation: This problem can be solved using the definition of work and the work-kinetic energy theorem. Wnet = Fnetdcos The net work done on the sled is provided by the force of kinetic friction. Wnet = Fkdcos = µkmgdcos

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 5 Section 2 Energy Sample Problem, continued Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem 2. Plan, continued The force of kinetic friction is in the direction opposite d,  = 180°. Because the sled comes to rest, the final kinetic energy is zero. Wnet = ∆KE = KEf - KEi = –(1/2)mvi2 Use the work-kinetic energy theorem, and solve for d.

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 5 Section 2 Energy Sample Problem, continued Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem 3. Calculate Substitute values into the equation:

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 5 Section 2 Energy Sample Problem, continued Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem 4. Evaluate According to Newton’s second law, the acceleration of the sled is about -1 m/s2 and the time it takes the sled to stop is about 2 s. Thus, the distance the sled traveled in the given amount of time should be less than the distance it would have traveled in the absence of friction. 2.5 m < (2.2 m/s)(2 s) = 4.4 m

gravitational PE = mass  free-fall acceleration  height Chapter 5 Section 2 Energy Potential Energy Potential Energy is the energy associated with an object because of the position, shape, or condition of the object. Gravitational potential energy is the potential energy stored in the gravitational fields of interacting bodies. Gravitational potential energy depends on height from a zero level. PEg = mgh gravitational PE = mass  free-fall acceleration  height

Chapter 5 Potential Energy Section 2 Energy Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Potential Energy, continued Chapter 5 Section 2 Energy Potential Energy, continued Elastic potential energy is the energy available for use when a deformed elastic object returns to its original configuration. The symbol k is called the spring constant, a parameter that measures the spring’s resistance to being compressed or stretched.

Elastic Potential Energy Chapter 5 Section 2 Energy Elastic Potential Energy

Chapter 5 Spring Constant Section 2 Energy Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 5 Sample Problem Potential Energy Section 2 Energy Sample Problem Potential Energy A 70.0 kg stuntman is attached to a bungee cord with an unstretched length of 15.0 m. He jumps off a bridge spanning a river from a height of 50.0 m. When he finally stops, the cord has a stretched length of 44.0 m. Treat the stuntman as a point mass, and disregard the weight of the bungee cord. Assuming the spring constant of the bungee cord is 71.8 N/m, what is the total potential energy relative to the water when the man stops falling?

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 5 Section 2 Energy Sample Problem, continued Potential Energy 1. Define Given:m = 70.0 kg k = 71.8 N/m g = 9.81 m/s2 h = 50.0 m – 44.0 m = 6.0 m x = 44.0 m – 15.0 m = 29.0 m PE = 0 J at river level Unknown: PEtot = ?

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 5 Section 2 Energy Sample Problem, continued Potential Energy 2. Plan Choose an equation or situation: The zero level for gravitational potential energy is chosen to be at the surface of the water. The total potential energy is the sum of the gravitational and elastic potential energy.

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 5 Section 2 Energy Sample Problem, continued Potential Energy 3. Calculate Substitute the values into the equations and solve:

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 5 Section 2 Energy Sample Problem, continued Potential Energy 4. Evaluate One way to evaluate the answer is to make an order-of-magnitude estimate. The gravitational potential energy is on the order of 102 kg  10 m/s2  10 m = 104 J. The elastic potential energy is on the order of 1  102 N/m  102 m2 = 104 J. Thus, the total potential energy should be on the order of 2  104 J. This number is close to the actual answer.

Section 3 Conservation of Energy Chapter 5 Objectives Identify situations in which conservation of mechanical energy is valid. Recognize the forms that conserved energy can take. Solve problems using conservation of mechanical energy.

Chapter 5 Conserved Quantities Section 3 Conservation of Energy Chapter 5 Conserved Quantities When we say that something is conserved, we mean that it remains constant.

Chapter 5 Mechanical Energy Section 3 Conservation of Energy Chapter 5 Mechanical Energy Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy and all forms of potential energy associated with an object or group of objects. ME = KE + ∑PE Mechanical energy is often conserved. MEi = MEf initial mechanical energy = final mechanical energy (in the absence of friction)

Conservation of Mechanical Energy Section 3 Conservation of Energy Chapter 5 Conservation of Mechanical Energy Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 5 Sample Problem Conservation of Mechanical Energy Section 3 Conservation of Energy Chapter 5 Sample Problem Conservation of Mechanical Energy Starting from rest, a child zooms down a frictionless slide from an initial height of 3.00 m. What is her speed at the bottom of the slide? Assume she has a mass of 25.0 kg.

Sample Problem, continued Section 3 Conservation of Energy Chapter 5 Sample Problem, continued Conservation of Mechanical Energy 1. Define Given: h = hi = 3.00 m m = 25.0 kg vi = 0.0 m/s hf = 0 m Unknown: vf = ?

Sample Problem, continued Section 3 Conservation of Energy Chapter 5 Sample Problem, continued Conservation of Mechanical Energy 2. Plan Choose an equation or situation: The slide is frictionless, so mechanical energy is conserved. Kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy are the only forms of energy present.

Sample Problem, continued Section 3 Conservation of Energy Chapter 5 Sample Problem, continued Conservation of Mechanical Energy 2. Plan, continued The zero level chosen for gravitational potential energy is the bottom of the slide. Because the child ends at the zero level, the final gravitational potential energy is zero. PEg,f = 0

Sample Problem, continued Section 3 Conservation of Energy Chapter 5 Sample Problem, continued Conservation of Mechanical Energy 2. Plan, continued The initial gravitational potential energy at the top of the slide is PEg,i = mghi = mgh Because the child starts at rest, the initial kinetic energy at the top is zero. KEi = 0 Therefore, the final kinetic energy is as follows:

Sample Problem, continued Section 3 Conservation of Energy Chapter 5 Sample Problem, continued Conservation of Mechanical Energy 3. Calculate Substitute values into the equations: PEg,i = (25.0 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(3.00 m) = 736 J KEf = (1/2)(25.0 kg)vf2 Now use the calculated quantities to evaluate the final velocity. MEi = MEf PEi + KEi = PEf + KEf 736 J + 0 J = 0 J + (0.500)(25.0 kg)vf2 vf = 7.67 m/s

Sample Problem, continued Section 3 Conservation of Energy Chapter 5 Sample Problem, continued Conservation of Mechanical Energy 4. Evaluate The expression for the square of the final speed can be written as follows: Notice that the masses cancel, so the final speed does not depend on the mass of the child. This result makes sense because the acceleration of an object due to gravity does not depend on the mass of the object.

Mechanical Energy, continued Section 3 Conservation of Energy Chapter 5 Mechanical Energy, continued Mechanical Energy is not conserved in the presence of friction. As a sanding block slides on a piece of wood, energy (in the form of heat) is dissipated into the block and surface.

Chapter 5 Objectives Relate the concepts of energy, time, and power. Section 4 Power Objectives Relate the concepts of energy, time, and power. Calculate power in two different ways. Explain the effect of machines on work and power.

Rate of Energy Transfer Chapter 5 Section 4 Power Rate of Energy Transfer Power is a quantity that measures the rate at which work is done or energy is transformed. P = W/∆t power = work ÷ time interval An alternate equation for power in terms of force and speed is P = Fv power = force  speed

Chapter 5 Power Section 4 Power Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept