Michael Persia, PhD – Virginia Tech HPAI in 2014/2015 Michael Persia, PhD – Virginia Tech

Update from USDA Furuse M and Yokota H. British Journal of Nutrition. 1984. 51, 255-264 http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wps/portal/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/sa_animal_disease_information/sa_avian_health/ct_avian_influenza_disease/!ut/p/a1/lVJLc4IwEP41PWIioMDRRytYX9VpFS7MEoJkCokDQWt_fYNaxx6kbW67-23yPYICtEEBhz3bgmSCQ1bXQTccz1293ce6N1o5j9ibvT1N7YllzF1TAXwFwHdOD__cnz973Xp_ifvusI1XBlqjAAWEy51MkQ-7lJUhEVxSLsOMRQUUxwdcQiiqIkwEqcpTBZzlkIUphUymt52YlRRKGjKeiCI_iTiP9wz4FU_kpaFgWUX5J3wv1mR2hMXIj3QnwV2daobdBs0kkaFBBzqa3omTOCbEMgzrIr5B3S_mncQryGDUc01rogwzbR17Q7VuOVOMve4F0OCvrzhYdx9xTLT6p6jxHyLXi-lgulXXgky12my0aQzhPL4JAW0aQlj3UfCCV5OPXk1mm4lI_cT14NpUBHo8MmxFoKAJLWjRSkUp0eZwOLSqMobWVuzRLn_NbeOovSezmRb4i0W-9L8A7OXDAw!!/?1dmy&urile=wcm%3apath%3a%2Faphis_content_library%2Fsa_our_focus%2Fsa_animal_health%2Fsa_animal_disease_information%2Fsa_avian_health%2Fsa_detections_by_states%2Fct_ai_pacific_flyway

Largest outbreak in US History! Update from USDA Largest outbreak in US History! Furuse M and Yokota H. British Journal of Nutrition. 1984. 51, 255-264 http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wps/portal/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/sa_animal_disease_information/sa_avian_health/ct_avian_influenza_disease/!ut/p/a1/lVJLc4IwEP41PWIioMDRRytYX9VpFS7MEoJkCokDQWt_fYNaxx6kbW67-23yPYICtEEBhz3bgmSCQ1bXQTccz1293ce6N1o5j9ibvT1N7YllzF1TAXwFwHdOD__cnz973Xp_ifvusI1XBlqjAAWEy51MkQ-7lJUhEVxSLsOMRQUUxwdcQiiqIkwEqcpTBZzlkIUphUymt52YlRRKGjKeiCI_iTiP9wz4FU_kpaFgWUX5J3wv1mR2hMXIj3QnwV2daobdBs0kkaFBBzqa3omTOCbEMgzrIr5B3S_mncQryGDUc01rogwzbR17Q7VuOVOMve4F0OCvrzhYdx9xTLT6p6jxHyLXi-lgulXXgky12my0aQzhPL4JAW0aQlj3UfCCV5OPXk1mm4lI_cT14NpUBHo8MmxFoKAJLWjRSkUp0eZwOLSqMobWVuzRLn_NbeOovSezmRb4i0W-9L8A7OXDAw!!/?1dmy&urile=wcm%3apath%3a%2Faphis_content_library%2Fsa_our_focus%2Fsa_animal_health%2Fsa_animal_disease_information%2Fsa_avian_health%2Fsa_detections_by_states%2Fct_ai_pacific_flyway

How did HPAI spread?

Moving to and around the Midwest

Map of Movement of HPAI in Midwest Pope County – 03/04/15 Leavenworth County – 03/13/15 Moniteau County – 03/10/15 Jasper County – 03/09/15 Boone County – 03/11/15

Migration of water fowl https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/flutrackers-high-pathogenic-h5n1-h1n08-h5n8-h5n6-h5n3-tracking-outbreaks-spread/migration-flyways/3059-world-flyways http://birding.about.com/od/birdingbasics/ss/North-America-Migration-Flyways.htm

Vectors of HPAI Migratory birds currently involved in both H5N2 and H5N8 Currently no human infections! No mixing with swine to date Domestic fowl more susceptible

Avian Influenza Orthomyxovirus: enveloped RNA virus Survive 35+ days in manure, soil, water Survive 3+ months in cold weather

Orthomyxovirus Hemagglutinin ( H-16) responsible for binding the virus to the cell that is being infected Neuraminidase (N- 9) promotes the release of progeny viruses from infected cells 144 combinations of H and N 9 x 16 = 144 possible combinations

Signs of HPAI High mortality without signs Decreased activity and feed intake Decreased egg production/misshaped eggs Swelling head, eyelids, comb, wattles and hocks Purple discoloration (cyanosis and hemorrhage) of wattle, comb and legs Nasal discharge, coughing, sneezing Lack of coordination- paddling, wing droop Diarrhea

The Minnesota Outbreak 15,000 replacement turkey breeders Pope County 70% dead in 3-5 days Huddling, squatting Not using legs Terminal stages- on side with head and neck extended  wing flapping  death

The Minnesota Outbreak Hemorrhage throughout internal body organs and fat

What to recommend? Biosecurity! Addresses measures that should be taken to keep any diseases from a flock. (In) Reduces the transmission of diseases to neighboring flocks. (Out) Promotes human health by the reduction of zoonotic pathogens

Who Needs It? Everyone!!!

Be a Bird Watcher Daily Inspections Signs Know your poultry Reduction in feed and water intake Sudden increase in mortality Drop in egg production

Vectors and Infections How pathogens move ?

Wild Birds Hardest to control in open system Discourage their presence in the immediate vicinity of poultry Do not use bird baths/wild bird feeders Prevent access to decorative ponds. Important for waterfowl Do not allow birds access to open water, ponds streams etc… Housing helps minimize wild bird contact

Humans (You, Family and Guests) Wash hands Extremely important if handling birds Dedicated footwear boot covers disinfectant Clean Clothing Keep Visitors to a minimum 72 hour Bird and Swine free

Equipment and tools YOU CANNOT DISINFECT DIRT. Cleaning Alone Reduces 80-85% reduction in microorganisms Use detergents, quaternary ammonium, phenols, formaldehyde, alkalis

Hunting!! Minimize at this time as this is a direct transmission route If hunting, make sure to clean and disinfect all possible vectors including equipment, dogs and humans

New Birds to Flock Purchase poultry only from reliable, certified disease-free sources that have records of appropriate vaccinations. USDA List Participants by State Avoid Swap Meets Currently would not recommend to move new birds into flock unless absolutely needed

Biosecurity procedures – People Issue/procedure Cost Benefit Restricted access ¢ +++ Plastic boots & head cover ++ Hand sanitizer or gloves Change clothing between flocks Going from young to older birds Change clothing going in/out Coveralls; rubber boots $ Vaillancourt, 2003

If you see signs contact VDACS!! HPAI is a reportable disease need to act quickly for all bird safety in Virginia Call VDACS at 804-786-2483 http://www.vdacs.virginia.gov/animals/reporting.shtml