Clive Schofield and Quentin Hanich Protecting Marine Parks on a Grand Scale: Moving from No Take to No Go in Oceania? Clive Schofield and Quentin Hanich The Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security (ANCORS), University of Wollongong, Australia

Zoning to Conserve Marine Biodiversity Area-based management via: Representative Marine Protected Area (MPA) networks Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) Strong legal rationale under LOSC Based on key norms and approaches: Ecosystem approach Precautionary approach Responsible use Integrated management Science-based decision making Environmental impact assessments and strategic environmental assessments

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Requirements CBD 1992: agreement to conserve 10% of the marine environment in MPAs Parties to CBD to meet target by 2020: By 2020, at least … 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscape and seascape (CBD Aichi target 11). Leading to the advent of large-scale MPAs

North-western Hawaiian Islands Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine Sanctuary declared June 2006 362,580 sq km Largest marine sanctuary in the world…at that time

The “Other Galapagos”: Chagos Marine Reserve British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) April 2010 declared the world’s largest marine reserve: fully no-take 640,000 sq. km

Pacific Oceanscape Framework for a Pacific Oceanscape for oceans governance and conservation endorsed by Pacific Island Forum in 2009 Catalyst for establishment of a network of large MPAs: Pacific Ocean Arcs by Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTS) e.g.: Kiribati Cook Islands Palau More than a network of marine parks? Moves towards an integrated approach

Kiribati: Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA) 408,250 sq. km Declared in 2006 Questionable implementation: Only 3% no-take? BUT: some signs of progress No ‘no go’ zones

Tarawa, Kiribati: Managing small-scale issues crucial EEZ: 3,441,810 sq. km Land area: 811sq. km MSP at local scale critical Potential for definition of archipelagic and internal waters Allows for ‘no go’ zones

Palau’s Proposed Marine Sanctuary Area: 492,923 sq.km Coverage: 80% of Palau’s EEZ Remaining 20% as “domestic fishing zone” How to police? Simplicity of large no take zone UAVs (Drones) & civilian surveillance? No go zones? Would add complexity Freedom of navigation concerns?

Great Barrier Reef Area: 344,400 sq. km Complex Zoning Plan: Multiple Use Area Allows for a range of activities, some with permits Ecologically sustainable recreational, commercial and research Shipping: does not require a permit in the Designated Shipping Area and General Use Zone (map source: GBRMPA)

In the Pink? Preservation (Pink) Zone: Less than 1% of the Park Extractive industries strictly prohibited No entry without written permission (map source: GBRMPA) Source: GBRMPA

Coral Sea Marine Reserve Declared November 2012 Area: 989,842 sq.km Primary purpose: conserving biodiversity BUT: multiple uses allowed No extra ‘no go’ zones Source: GBRMPA

Track of the Southern Supporter Heard Island and McDonald Island Declared in 2002, expanded in 2014 71,200 sq.km: Australia’s largest IUCN class 1a strict nature reserve Access primarily limited to monitoring and scientific work Track of the Southern Supporter Photo: Australian Customs Service The Viarsa 1 A 21 day, 3900nm hot pursuit Photo: Australian Customs Service

Large-scale Marine Protected Areas: Moving from no take to no go? Proliferation of large marine parks Variety of models in terms of access/zoning Virtue of simplicity E.g. Palau – no take easier to police than multi use Potentially add complexity in high value areas inshore BUT, Large marine parks are predominantly oceanic waters Areas of EEZ and High Seas Designation of ‘no go’ areas problematic Challenge to freedom of navigation? Likely to result in protests Application of ship routeing measures via IMO? Local tenure, access and community considerations crucial in defining no go areas – interactions with MSP