Stanford Linear Accelerator High Energy Physics – particle physics Photon (X-ray) science Astrophysics and Cosmology

Particle or High Energy physics to understand the basic constituents of matter and the interactions between them --in answering these questions we are probing deeply into the workings of the Universe

Why high energy? 1. Energy is inversely proportional to wavelength Wavelength defines resolution --scale at which we can see 2. High energy allows us to produce new (more massive) particle types

Particle Physics Experiments BaBar –the B factory at SLAC experiment completed, data still being analyzed ATLAS @LHC –“Large Hadron Collider” at CERN (Switzerland) science will start 2009 ILC –the international linear collider --a plan (and a hope) for the future

Particle detectors a multilayered set of components (each layer has its own technologies and experts) detect and identify all particles produced in a collision measure as accurately as possible the momentum and energy of each particle www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/detectors.html

Particle Physics B Factory –BaBar Detector studying the difference in the laws of physics for matter and antimatter

BaBar Collaboration

Matter and antimatter in the Universe Laws of physics for matter and antimatter are very similar Universe contains lots of matter, very little antimatter How did that come about?

ATLAS @LHC One of two very large detectors for experiments at LHC Particle physicists hope for all kinds of discoveries with this machine Higgs particle ? Super-partner particles??? Indications of new dimensions of space????????

Accelerator Physics Design, build, and run forefront accelerators New acceleration technologies Improvements in efficiency and reliability of existing technologies A science in its own right! Also a set of very challenging engineering problems.

International Linear Collider SLAC accelerator physicists play some key roles in project Small group at SLAC working on possible detector design R&D is a priority of the field, decision if and where to build ~2010 (after first LHC rersults) http://www.linearcollider.org/cms/

Photon Science -- SSRL Synchrotron radiation lab uses x-rays for science at atomic and molecular scales

Accelerators as X-ray sources Basic concept – when fast moving electrons are deflected by magnets they radiate photons Synchrotron radiation –bending magnets in storage ring (synchrotron) Wigglers and undulators – additional magnets placed along straight section to “wiggle” the beam to make x-ray photons

X rays probe all kinds of science Materials Science Surface physics Structure of Biological macromolecules Trace elements in environment And more -- over 300 experiments each year –users from all around the world http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/

PULSE –photon ultra-fast laser science and engineering Sub-picosecond x-ray pulses, & short pulse lasers to probe fast processes pump-probe experiments watch how excited states change in time

LCLS –X-ray laser A new facility for ultra-fast science First lasing: April 10 2009 Science starts soon! http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/lcls/science.html

LCLS - New capacities 1 0 billion times brighter than any previous x-ray source Short pulse – femto-second duration Study time development of chemical and atomic processes Imaging single protein molecules (eventual goal --no need for crystalization)

Astrophysics -- KIPAC Kavli Institute for Studying the Dark Energy of the Universe                                                                                         Studying the Dark Energy of the Universe                                                                                         Studying the Dark Energy of the Universe                                                                                         Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology experiments and theory http://www-group.slac.stanford.edu/kipac/

Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology Astronomy –observing and cataloguing the objects Astrophysics—providing physical models for what produces the observed phenomena “Particle Astrophysics” –that part of astrophysics that elucidates fundamental particle physics questions Cosmology –providing a physical model for the evolution of the universe

Some Particle Astrophysics questions What is dark matter? What produces the highest energy cosmic rays? X-rays? What is the role of neutrinos in a supernova explosion? What causes the expansion of the Universe to be speeding up? (or what is dark energy?)

Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope formerly known as GLAST launched June 11 2008 detector built at SLAC spectacular year of results http://www-glast.sonoma.edu/science/what.html

LSST Large Synoptic Survey telescope Under design –telescope to be built in Chile SLAC will compete to build camera --largest ever digital camera 3.2 gigapixels! http://www.lsst.org/lsst_home.shtml

Challenges for all this science Invention of new devices Precision engineering and control Making sense of large quantities of data Simulations Theory