The Roman Empire ca. 0 – 180 BCE

Table of contents The Apian Way ---------------- Tingad ------------------------------------- Form and function Urban planning – grid plan Organization Cardo and decumanus Pont du Gard ----------------------- Arch Aqueducts Concrete Colosseum ----------------------------- Amphitheater Ionic, Doric, and Corinthian Built by Vespasian on the site of Nero’s palace Forum of Trajan --------------------------------------------- Organized urban center containing shopping facilities, restaurants, libraries, temples, and basilica. The Pantheon ---------------------------- Built by Hadrian and dedicated to planetary gods Dome Coffer Oculus Table of contents

Table of contents G. Augustus of Primaporta ----------------- Realism mixed with idealism Symbolically represents strength, peace, plenty, and Augustus’s relationship to the goddess Venus Pose similar to the Spear Bearer Propaganda H. Ara Pacis -------------------------------- Pax Romana Represents Roman "family values" reforms promoted by Augustus Conscious emulation of Parthenon frieze reliefs I. Column of Trajan ------------------------------------------------------- Tells the story of Trajan's victory over the Germanic Dacians Continuous narrative spirals from bottom to top J. Arch of Titus ----------------------------------------------------------- Triumphal arch commemorating the sacking of Jerusalem K. Marcus Aurelius ---------------------------------------------------- Equestrian portrait Stoicism L. Garden Fresco -------------- Illusionism Preserved by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius Table of contents

Roman Map

Apian Way Apian Way, begun c. 312 B.C.E.

Tingad Timgad, aerial view

Pont du Gard Pont du Gard, near Nimes, France, c. 20-10 B.C.E. Stone, height 180 ft., length c. 900 ft.

Colosseum Colosseum, Rome, c. 70-80 C.E.

Forum of Trajan Diagram of the Forum of Trajan

The Pantheon, Rome, c. 118-125 B.C.E.

Augustus of Primaporta Augustus of Primaporta, early first century C.E after a bronze of 20 B.C.E. Marble, height 6 ft. 8 in..

Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace), Rome, Italy, 13-9 B.C.E.

Column of Trajan Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, dedicated 112 C.E.

Arch of Titus Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 C.E.

Spoils of Jerusalem Spoils of Jerusalem, relief panel from Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 C.E. Marble, height approximately 7 ft. 10 in.

Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, from Rome, Italy, c. 175 C. E Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, from Rome, Italy, c. 175 C.E. Height approximately 11 ft. 6 in. Marcus Aurelius

Garden Fresco Garden fresco, Villa of Livia, Primaporta, Italy, c. 30-20 B.C.E. Height approximately 6 ft. 7 in.

Grid plan—a city layout based on a grid system

Cardo Cardo—the north-south street in a Roman town, intersecting the decumanus at right angles.

Decumanus Decumanus—the east-west street in a Roman town, intersecting the cardo at right angles.

Arch Arch— a curved structural member that spans an opening and is generally composed of wedge-shaped blocks (voissoirs) that transmit the downward pressure laterally.

Tunnel Vault Tunnel vault—a deep, uninterrupted series of arches, one behind the other, in an oblong space.

Aqueduct Aqueduct—an artificial channel carrying a waterway over a valley or other gap

Concrete—a building material invented by the Romans and consisting of various proportions of lime mortar, volcanic sand, water, and small stones. Concrete

Amphitheater Amphitheater—(Greek, “double-theater.”) A Roman building type resembling two Greek theaters put together. The Roman amphitheater featured a continuous elliptical cavea around a central arena.

Forum—the public square of an ancient Roman city.

Dome Dome—a hemispheric vault; theoretically, an arch rotated on its vertical axis.

Coffer—a sunken panel, often ornamental, in a vault or a ceiling.

Oculus—(Latin, “eye.”) The round central opening of a dome.

Equestrian portrait Equestrian portrait—depiction or representation of a person on horseback