How do glaciers change the land? http://www.learner.org/channel/courses/essential/earthspace/session6/

Glacier Effects As glaciers grow then shrink, they change the ground beneath and around them. These changes are ultimately the result of the erosion and deposition of rocks.

A Changed Landscape Before After A view down the Whitechuck Glacier in North Cascades National Park in 1973 North Branch of the Whitechuck Glacier in 1973 (Neil Hinckley and 2006 (Leor Pantilat) Photograph from the North Cascade Glacier climate project website administered, by myself, Mauri Pelto http://www.nichols.edu/departments/Glacier/deathglacier.htm After The same view as seen in 2006, where this branch of glacier retreated 1.9 kilometers (1.2 miles)

Glacial Erosion Erosion is the moving of rock and sediment. With glaciers, this is mostly when moving glaciers loosen, dislodge, or plucked by the glacier mass. The rock is dragged and causes abrasions. This action of erosion produces various glacial landforms

Striations Striations are caused by the scraping action of the sediments that are picked up by the glacier. This scouring action produces changes and landforms on the surface of the Earth. Glacial striations, Lac Blanchet, Canada. (Source: Natural Resources Canada - Terrain Sciences Division - Canadian Landscapes). http://www.uwsp.edu/geO/faculty/ritter/geog101/uwsp_lectures/lecture_glacial_processes.html

Scouring Landforms & Changes (1) Cirques (2) Arete (3) Horn (4) U-Shaped Valleys (5) Hanging Valleys

Tuckerman’s Ravine, Mount Washington, NH Cirques Cirques are bowl-shaped depression scoured near mountain peaks. They look like a scoop has been taken out of the side of the mountain It’s where valley glaciers start.                                                                                                                                                                                      Tuckerman’s Ravine, Mount Washington, NH http://www.tuckerman.org/photos/07-08tuck/

Aretes Sharp Jagged ridge that forms between cirques

Horn Sharp, pyramid-like peak created when Aretes join together

Glaciated Valleys U-shaped valleys Hanging valleys Cirques Horns

U-Shaped Valleys When a valley glacier grinds and rounds what was a V shaped valley into a rounded U-shaped valley Noticeable after a glacier has melted Crawford Notch, NH http://www.nhgeology.org/images/gallery/CrawfordNotch.jpg

Glaciers carved this broad U-shaped valley in the Rocky Mountains of Montana.

U-shaped valleys such as this one are common in this part of Michigan.

The Basin, Franconia Notch, NH Hanging Valleys Formed when a tributary river is suspended high above the main valley floor. The Basin, Franconia Notch, NH http://www.planetware.com/picture/laconia-franconia-notch-basin-us-nh031.htm

Erosion by Continental Glaciers: Rounding and Shortening of Mountains Caused from glaciers that are thick enough to cover mountain tops. The tops are scoured and rounded off Cannon Cliff, Franconia, NH alberichh.stumbleupon.com/tag/mountains/ http://students.usm.maine.edu/atambo61/Cannon.jpg

Deposition When a glacier melts it leaves deposits of material it accumulated The materials accumulated can be large to fine sediment These sediments are later dropped and can collect into landforms known as glacial deposits.

Glacial Deposits Landforms and Changes (1) Erratics (2) Glacial Drift and Till (3) Moraines (4) Outwash Plains (5) Kettles (6) Eskers (7) Glacial Lakes

Madison Boulder, Madison, NH Erratics Erratics are rocks that were picked up by the glacier, transported, then dropped. It’s the large pieces of till. Erratic stone can be carried very far. It is often different from the bedrock. Madison Boulder, Madison, NH http://www.nhgeology.org/images/gallery/madison_boulder_summer.jpg

Glacial Drift General term for all sediment deposited by a glacier This is the varying sized sediment that glaciers scrape up, move, and deposit elsewhere. This till can be randomly spread out or collected in certain areas. Photo credit: USGS Digital Data Series DDS-2. http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/images/lithosphere/glacial/till_DDS21_Mt%20Ranier_WA_large.jpg

Glacial Till Unsorted glacial drift that is deposited directly from a melting glacier If the till was sorted it would be called STRATIFIED DRIFT Photo credit: USGS Digital Data Series DDS-2. http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/images/lithosphere/glacial/till_DDS21_Mt%20Ranier_WA_large.jpg

Moraine Ridges of unsorted sediment on the ground or on a glacier The front and sides of glaciers push sediment forward into piles like a bulldozer. These leftover piles or moraines and can be 100s to 1000s of meters long. Example: Long Island, NY or Cape Cod Moraines caused the formation of Long Island, Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island. http://tapestry.usgs.gov/features/40terminal.html

Glacial Till Deposition Features Deposition features caused by glaciers include; Moraines (3 Types) 1) Terminal (End) 2) Lateral 3) Medial Lateral Moraine Terminal Moraine Forms when ice melts leaving sediment where the glacier ended. Marks the farthest advance of the glacier

Glacial Till Deposition Features Deposition features caused by glaciers include; Moraines (3 Types) 1) Terminal (End) 2) Lateral 3) Medial Lateral Moraines Forms when ice accumulates large amounts of debris from the valley walls. When the glacier melt away, this debris is left as ridges along the sides of the valley.

Glacial Till Deposition Features Deposition features caused by glaciers include; Moraines (3 Types) 1) Terminal (End) 2) Lateral 3) Medial Medial Moraines Forms when two valley glaciers come together to form a single ice stream. Sediment once on the edge of the glaciers now merge to form a single ridge of debris.

Drumlin A drumlin is an elongated hill of glacial till These are shaped by the underside of a glacier The shape points the direction of movement of the glacier. Drumlin field in northwestern Manitoba. These features are made of till and are formed at the base of a glacial ice sheet. The long axis of this feature aligns with the direction of glacial movement. (Source: Natural Resources Canada - Terrain Sciences Division - Canadian Landscapes). http://nsidc.org/glaciers/gallery/drumlin_mt.html

Outwash Plains Glacial meltwater that carried deposits of stratified drift Meltwater streams will cross this plain, or flat land

Spruce hole Bog near Durham, NH. Kettles Kettles are depressions that were left behind by glaciers then commonly fill with water to form round lakes. They are usually from collapsed ground while the soil thawed. Spruce hole Bog near Durham, NH. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spruce_Hole_Bog-very_large_photo.jpeg

Eskers Long-winding ridges of sand and gravel They can extend tens of kilometers and look like raised, winding roadways

Glacial Deposition Features Deposition features caused by glaciers include; 7) Eskers Long, winding ridges of sand and gravel. Form where water flowing under the glacier deposit sediment on the sides of the streams near the end of the glacier.

Glacial Lakes= The Great Lakes Lake basins created where glaciers erode surfaces and leave depressions in bedrock

Retreat (melt back) of a continental glacier with melt water lakes and rivers. 31

Glacial Landforms Cause and Effect And Changes (Cause) Scouring Sediment Deposits (Effects) Cirques U-Shaped Valleys and Hanging Valleys Arete and Horn Rounding and Shortening of Mounatins Glacial Till Moraines Drumlins and Eskers Erratics and Kettles

Glacial Product Ideas 1. A photo gallery of local glacial landforms Erratics; Fort Rock Farm in Exeter, NH or Pawtuckaway State Park in Raymond, NH Drumlins; Are the cause of many local hills Large Kettle Pond; (Great Bay in the coastal region of NH) 2. 3-D Topographic Contour Map that highlight local hills / Drumlins – determine which direction the glaciers flowed.

Glacial Product Ideas 3. Flip Chart of Glacial Landforms 4. Written description of a selected New Hampshire Glacial Landform 5. Ice Age story and how it changes topography 6. Trip to Ice Story at Krista McAuliffe Planetarium and report on it.

Appendix – Vocab Exercise

Vocab Exercise - Key

Glaciers in the United States Page 1

Glaciers in the United States Page 2

United States Physical Map http://www.eduplace.com/ss/maps/pdf/usphys.pdf

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