Unit Five: Chapter 28 • constrict • habitat • exhaustive • pragmatic • fallible • pretentious • formulate • reconcile • genial • vile Page 156 in textbook.

A lane closure constricts traffic TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 1 constrict – verb • The summer highway construction will constrict traffic by confining it to only two lanes. • For centuries in China, girls’ feet were constricted with binding to keep them from growing to normal size. Women’s feet were considered most attractive if they were less than four inches long. Constrict means A. to expand. B. to repair. C. to squeeze. Page 156 in textbook. Answer: C The next slide explains the answer. A lane closure constricts traffic

A lane closure constricts traffic TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 1 constrict – verb • The summer highway construction will constrict traffic by confining it to only two lanes. • For centuries in China, girls’ feet were constricted with binding to keep them from growing to normal size. Women’s feet were considered most attractive if they were less than four inches long. Constrict means A. to expand. B. to repair. C. to squeeze. Page 156 in textbook. If the highway is reduced to only two lanes, the traffic will be squeezed. If the girls’ feet were tightly bound so that they could not grow, they were squeezed by the binding. A lane closure constricts traffic

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 2 exhaustive – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 2 exhaustive – adjective • Don’t buy a used car without putting it through an exhaustive inspection. Check every detail, from hood to trunk. • My teacher recommended an exhaustive thousand-page biography of Freud, but who has time to read such a thorough account? Exhaustive means A. smooth. B. detailed. C. narrow. Page 156 in textbook. Answer: B The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 2 exhaustive – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 2 exhaustive – adjective • Don’t buy a used car without putting it through an exhaustive inspection. Check every detail, from hood to trunk. • My teacher recommended an exhaustive thousand-page biography of Freud, but who has time to read such a thorough account? Exhaustive means A. smooth. B. detailed. C. narrow. Page 156 in textbook. In the first item, the words check every detail suggest that exhaustive means “detailed.” In the second item, a thousand-page biography that is thorough would have to be detailed.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 3 fallible – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 3 fallible – adjective • “I know we all are fallible,” the boss told his workers. “But do you have to make so many of your mistakes on company time?” • When they are little, kids think their parents can do no wrong; but when they become teenagers, their parents suddenly seem fallible. Fallible means A. optimistic. B. friendly. C. imperfect. Page 156 in textbook. Answer: C The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 3 fallible – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 3 fallible – adjective • “I know we all are fallible,” the boss told his workers. “But do you have to make so many of your mistakes on company time?” • When they are little, kids think their parents can do no wrong; but when they become teenagers, their parents suddenly seem fallible. Fallible means A. optimistic. B. friendly. C. imperfect. Page 156 in textbook. In the first item, the word mistakes suggests that fallible means “imperfect.” In the second item, parents who seem as if they can do no wrong are contrasted with parents who seem imperfect.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 4 formulate – verb Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 4 formulate – verb • The author first formulated an outline of his plot and then began writing his mystery. • Before stepping into his boss’s office, Toshio had carefully formulated his case for a raise. Formulate means A. to develop. B. to question. C. to accept. Page 156 in textbook. Answer: A The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 4 formulate – verb Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 4 formulate – verb • The author first formulated an outline of his plot and then began writing his mystery. • Before stepping into his boss’s office, Toshio had carefully formulated his case for a raise. Formulate means A. to develop. B. to question. C. to accept. Page 156 in textbook. Before writing the mystery, the author would develop an outline of the plot. If Toshio is going to ask for a raise, he would want to develop carefully the case he would make to the boss.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 5 genial – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 5 genial – adjective • I was worried that my grandmother’s treatment at the nursing home might be harsh, so I was relieved when the nurses and aides turned out to be very genial. • Stacey found her first dance instructor so rude and unpleasant that she changed to a more genial one. Genial means A. good-looking. B. practical. C. good-natured. Page 156 in textbook. Answer: C The next slide explains the answer. A man with a genial smile

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 5 genial – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 5 genial – adjective • I was worried that my grandmother’s treatment at the nursing home might be harsh, so I was relieved when the nurses and aides turned out to be very genial. • Stacey found her first dance instructor so rude and unpleasant that she changed to a more genial one. Genial means A. good-looking. B. practical. C. good-natured. Page 156 in textbook. In the first item, the word harsh suggests that, by contrast, genial means “good-natured.” If Stacy changed dance instructors, she must have wanted one that was good-natured rather than one who was rude and unpleasant. A man with a genial smile

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 6 habitat – noun Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 6 habitat – noun • Many people believe that wild animals should be allowed to remain in their natural habitats and not be captured and put in zoos. • Mosses can live in a large variety of humid habitats, from very cold to very hot. Habitat means A. a pattern. B. a plan. C. a territory. Page 156 in textbook. Answer: C The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 6 habitat – noun Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 6 habitat – noun • Many people believe that wild animals should be allowed to remain in their natural habitats and not be captured and put in zoos. • Mosses can live in a large variety of humid habitats, from very cold to very hot. Habitat means A. a pattern. B. a plan. C. a territory. Page 156 in textbook. A zoo is not the natural territory for a wild animal. Mosses would live in humid territories.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 7 pragmatic – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 7 pragmatic – adjective • We always called my sister “Practical Polly” because she was the most pragmatic member of the family. • When Vince was single, he spent most of his money on travel. Now that he has a family to support, he must spend his money in more pragmatic ways. Pragmatic means A. sensible. B. patient. C. pleasant. Page 157 in textbook. Answer: A The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 7 pragmatic – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 7 pragmatic – adjective • We always called my sister “Practical Polly” because she was the most pragmatic member of the family. • When Vince was single, he spent most of his money on travel. Now that he has a family to support, he must spend his money in more pragmatic ways. Pragmatic means A. sensible. B. patient. C. pleasant. Page 157 in textbook. In the first item, the word Practical suggests that pragmatic means “sensible.” In the second item, having a family would require Vince to spend his money on more sensible things than travel.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 8 pretentious – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 8 pretentious – adjective • Dana’s classmates don’t like her because she’s so pretentious. It’s hard to like someone who acts as if she knows it all. • My aunt marked her husband’s grave with a large, pretentious monument, as though he were a member of a royal family. Pretentious means A. overly imaginative. B. important-seeming. C. cruel. Page 157 in textbook. Answer: B The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 8 pretentious – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 8 pretentious – adjective • Dana’s classmates don’t like her because she’s so pretentious. It’s hard to like someone who acts as if she knows it all. • My aunt marked her husband’s grave with a large, pretentious monument, as though he were a member of a royal family. Pretentious means A. overly imaginative. B. important-seeming. C. cruel. Page 157 in textbook. Someone who acts as if she knows it all would be important-seeming. A monument that seemed as if it were for a member of a royal family would be an important-seeming monument.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 9 reconcile – verb Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 9 reconcile – verb • When my grandfather died, we worked hard to reconcile Grandma to the fact that he was really gone. • After his third wreck in six months, Ahmed reconciled himself to living somewhere along a bus line and doing without a car. Reconcile means A. to bring to accept. B. to frighten about. C. to hide from. Page 157 in textbook. Answer: A The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 9 reconcile – verb Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 9 reconcile – verb • When my grandfather died, we worked hard to reconcile Grandma to the fact that he was really gone. • After his third wreck in six months, Ahmed reconciled himself to living somewhere along a bus line and doing without a car. Reconcile means A. to bring to accept. B. to frighten about. C. to hide from. Page 157 in textbook. It would take hard work to bring the grandmother to accept that her husband was really gone. Three wrecks in six months should be enough to bring anyone to accept that he or she should not drive.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 10 vile – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 10 vile – adjective • My sister loves a certain cheese that has the vile odor of something that fell off a garbage truck. • When I finally get around to cleaning out the refrigerator, I always find some vile moldy leftovers at the back of a shelf. Vile means A. threatening. B. natural. C. nasty. Page 157 in textbook. Answer: C The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 10 vile – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 10 vile – adjective • My sister loves a certain cheese that has the vile odor of something that fell off a garbage truck. • When I finally get around to cleaning out the refrigerator, I always find some vile moldy leftovers at the back of a shelf. Vile means A. threatening. B. natural. C. nasty. Page 157 in textbook. If the cheese smells like something that fell off a garbage truck, it must have a nasty odor. Moldy leftovers that have been in the refrigerator for a long time would be nasty.