Instructor : Mazhar Hussain Wireless and mobile communication ZIGBEE Instructor : Mazhar Hussain

OUTLINE ZIGBEE AND APPLICATIONS IEEE 802.15.4 PROTOCOL ZIGBEE PROTOCOL ZIGBEE ALLIANCE ZIGBEE APPLICATIONS IEEE 802.15.4 PROTOCOL PHYSICAL LAYER MAC LAYER ZIGBEE SPECIFICATION NETWORK LAYER SECURITY IN ZIGBEE ZDO AND APPLICATION SUB-LAYER

SENSOR/CONTROL NETWORK REQUIREMENTS Networks form by themselves, scale to large sizes and operate for years without manual intervention Extremely long battery life (years on AA cell), low infrastructure cost (low device & setup costs) low complexity and small size Low device data rate and QoS Standardized protocols allow multiple vendors to interoperate

WHAT IS ZIGBEE PROTOCOL? The IEEE 802.15.4 covers the physical layer and the MAC layer of low-rate WPAN. The ZigBee is “an emerging standard that is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 and adds network construction (star networks, peer-to-peer/mesh networks, and cluster-tree networks), application services, and more”.

ZIGBEE ALLIANCE Organized as an independent, neutral, nonprofit corporation in 2002 Open and global Anyone can join and participate Membership is global Activity includes Specification creation Certification and compliance programs Branding, market development, and user education

ZIGBEE ALLIANCE Is a growing community of companies ~200 members vs. 35 Dec. 2002 (5+X Growth) Includes major names in the Semiconductor, Software Developer, End Product Manufacturer, and Service Provider Industries including major Telecom Carriers Has made its specification publicly available ZigBee is open to all-ZigBee 2006 now available 38,000+ downloads to date Has over 30 compliant platforms Many certified vendors make choosing ZigBee a safe choice No dominating elements or companies.

WHY ZIGBEE? Standards based Low cost Can be used globally Reliable and self healing Supports large number of nodes Easy to deploy Very long battery life Secure

The IEEE 802 Wireless Space WWAN IEEE 802.22 IEEE 802.20 WMAN Range WiMax IEEE 802.16 WLAN WiFi 802.11 ZigBee 802.15.4 15.4c 802.15.3 802.15.3c Bluetooth 802.15.1 WPAN 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 ZigBee standard uniquely fills a gap for low data rate applications Data Rate (Mbps)

ZIGBEE PROMOTERS

ZIGBEE APPLICATIONS ZigBee Wireless Control that Simply Works security HVAC AMR lighting control access control TV VCR DVD/CD remote ZigBee Wireless Control that Simply Works PC & PERIPHERALS PERSONAL HEALTH CARE patient monitoring fitness monitoring TELECOM SERVICES asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt security HVAC lighting control access control irrigation m-commerce info services object interaction (Internet of Things)

SOME APPLICATION PROFILES Home Automation [HA] Defines set of devices used in home automation Light switches Thermostats Window shade Heating unit etc.

SOME APPLICATION PROFILES Industrial Plant Monitoring Consists of device definitions for sensors used in industrial control Temperature Pressure sensors Infrared etc.

MORE APPLICATION PROFILES Multiple profiles at various stages of completion Commercial Building Automation Building control, management, and monitoring Telecom Services/M-commerce Automated Meter Reading Addresses utility meter reading Wireless Sensor Networks Very low power unattended networks Vendors may form new profile groups within ZigBee and/or propose private profiles for consideration 400+ private profile IDs issued

In-Home Patient Monitoring Patients receive better care at reduced cost with more freedom and comfort Patients can remain in their own home Monitors vital statistics and sends via internet Doctors can adjust medication levels Allows monitoring of elderly family member Sense movement or usage patterns in a home Turns lights on when they get out of bed Notify via mobile phone when anomalies occur Wireless panic buttons for falls or other problems Can also be used in hospital care Patients are allowed greater movement Reduced staff to patient ratio graphic graphic

Commercial Lighting Control Wireless lighting control Dimmable intelligent ballasts Light switches/sensors anywhere Customizable lighting schemes Quantifiable energy savings Opportunities in residential, light commercial and commercial Extendable networks Lighting network can be integrated with and/or be used by other building control solutions

DEFINITION OF IEEE 802.15.4 STANDARD IEEE Std 802.15.4 defines the physical layer (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) sublayer specifications for low-data-rate wireless connectivity with fixed, portable, and moving devices with no battery or very limited battery consumption requirements typically operating in the personal operating space (POS) of 10 m. It is foreseen that, depending on the application, a longer range at a lower data rate may be an acceptable tradeoff.

IEEE 802.15.4 DEVICE TYPES The IEEE 802.15.4 standard (2003) defines the device types that can be used in a LR-WPAN which are Full Functional Device (FFD) and Reduced Functional Device (RFD). The RFD can be used in simple applications in which they do not need to transmit large amounts of data and they have to communicate only with a specific FFD

IEEE 802.15.4 DEVICE TYPES The FFD can work as a PAN coordinator, as a coordinator, or as a simple device. It can communicate with either another FFD or a RFD.

LR-WPAN TOPOLOGIES In keeping with the application requirements, the LR-WPAN operates in a star or peer-to-peer topology. The star topology the RFD communicates with a single controller, the PAN coordinator. The PAN coordinator can perform the same function as the RFD, but it is also responsible for controlling the PAN; “it initiates, terminates, or routes communication around the network”

LR-WPAN TOPOLOGIES Peer-to-peer topology supports ad-hoc mesh multi-hop networking. Any device in the peer-to-peer topology can communicate with any other device within its communication range; however, this topology also has a PAN coordinator. All the devices in a LR-WPAN have a unique 64- bit address. This or a short address, allocated by the PAN coordinator, can be used inside a PAN. Each PAN has a unique identifier. The combination of the PAN identifier and the sort addresses allows communication across different PANs

Star and Peer-to-Peer topologies in LR-WPAN LR-WPAN TOPOLOGIES Star and Peer-to-Peer topologies in LR-WPAN

PHYSICAL LAYER The 802.15.4 standard specifies two different services that the Physical Layer(PHY) provides. The PHY data service controls the radio, and thus, the transmission and reception of the PPDUs (PLCP Protocol Data Unit). The management service performs Energy Detection in the channel, Clear Channel Assesment before sending the messages and provides LQI for the received packets. *Physical Layer Convergence Procedure(PLCP)

IEEE 802.15.4 BANDS 868/868.6 MHz for Europe 902/928 MHz for North America 2400/2483.5 MHz worldwide

PPDU PACKET FORMAT The PPDU size can be up to 127 bytes The LSB is always transmitted and received first The PPDU size can be up to 127 bytes

MAC LAYER Similar to the PHY layer, the MAC layer supports two services. The MAC data service is responsible for the transmission and reception of the MPDUs through the PHY data service.

MAC LAYER The MAC management service, if the device is a coordinator, manages the network beacons. It is also responsible for PAN association and disassociation, frame validation, and acknowledgment providing “a reliable link between two peer MAC entities.” Uses the CSMA/CA for channel access and handles and maintains the GTS mechanism. Supports device security.

MAC LAYER FRAME FORMATS The IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines four different frame types: the beacon, data, acknowledgment, and MAC command frame. All frame types are based on the general MAC frame format. The frame control field describes and specifies the above different frame types.

MAC LAYER FRAME FORMATS Every MAC frame comprises a MHR, which consists of a frame control, sequence number, and the information field. It also contains the MAC payload. Different frame types have different MAC payload fields.

GENERAL MAC LAYER FRAME FORMAT Each frame includes a MFR, which contains a FCS. The data in the MPDU follows the same order as the PPDU: the least significant bits are left in the frame and are transited first.

BEACON FRAME FORMAT The beacon frame is transmitted periodically by the PAN coordinator. It provides information about the network management through the super frame. It also synchronizes the network devices and indicates the proper communication period for them.

DATA FRAME FORMAT Encapsulates data from the higher layers.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FRAME FORMAT Does not have a payload. When a device receives a packet, it is not obliged to response with an acknowledgement packet

COMMAND FRAME FORMAT Useful for communication between the network devices. The command identifier specifies actions like association, disassociation, and data, GTS or beacon request.

SUPER FRAME In the LR-WPAN, every PAN has its own coordinator. The PAN coordinator manages the communication in the local area; it has two options, to use or not use the super frame structure. The super frame uses network beacons. If the coordinator does not want to use a super frame structure, it suspends the beacon transmission.

SUPER FRAME The beacon is important for device association and disassociation. If the coordinator wishes to maintain close communication control in the PAN, and to support low-latency devices it usually uses the super frame. A super frame determines a specific time period, beacons bound it.

SUPER FRAME STRUCTURE

DATA TRANSFER TYPES Three different types of data transfer exist. Data transfer from a device to the PAN coordinator. Data transfer from the PAN. Peer-to-peer Data Transfer The types differ if the coordinator uses or does not beacons

DATA TRANSFER FROM A DEVICE TO THE PAN COORDINATOR

DATA TRANSFER FROM THE PAN COORDINATOR

PEER-TO PEER DATA TRANSFER The devices are free to communicate with any other device within their communication range. In a peer-to-peer PAN the devices can “either receive constantly or synchronize with each other.” If they are receiving constantly, to transmit data they use un-slotted CSMA- CA. In the second case, synchronization must be achieved first.

SECURITY IN IEEE 802.15.4 Provides a security baseline, including “the ability to maintain an ACL and use symmetric cryptography” for data encryption. The algorithm that is used for encryption is the AES. The higher level layers decide when security is need. The upper layers are in general responsible for device authentication and key management.

ZIGBEE STANDARD ZigBee, a new standard which became publicly available in June 2005, is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. It expands the IEEE 802.15.4 by adding the framework for the network construction, security and application layer services.

ZIGBEE STACK

NETWORK LAYER The ZigBee standard works on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 addressing schema by using the standard 64-bit and the short 16-bit addressing. Network layer responsibilities: Establishment of a new network. New device configuration, addressing assignment, network synchronization Frames security Message routing.

DEVICE TYPES Uses notion of “logical devices.” “ZigBee Coordinator” is the first type of logical devices. It is responsible for initializing, maintaining, and managing the network. Under the coordinator in the network hierarchy is the “ZigBee router,” Responsible for controlling the message routing between the nodes. “ZigBee End Device” acts as the end point of the network structure.

ZIGBEE NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

SECURITY IN ZIGBEE Security services provided by ZigBee: “key establishment, key transport, frame protection, and device management.” The security mechanism covers the network and the application layer. The notion of end-to-end security is supported; the source and destination devices have access and use the same share key. In the MAC layer the 802.15.4 AES mechanism provides the proper security.

SECURITY IN ZIGBEE The mechanism protects “the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of the MAC frames” An auxiliary header field in front of the MAC payload indicates if the frame is encrypted or not. The MAC frames’ integrity is supported by calculating and using a MIC at the end of the MAC payload. Nonce is used to provide MAC confidentiality and authenticity.

SECURITY IN ZIGBEE For different security aspects the MAC layer uses different mode of the AES: For the encryption it uses the AES in Counter (CTR) mode. For the integrity, the CBC-MAC. Combination (CCM) of the above two modes.

SECURE MAC FRAME

NETWORK LAYER SECURITY CCM (a modified MAC layer CCM mode) is used for encryption. Single key is used for all different security options. The network layer security message format is similar to the MAC frame. Although the network layer is responsible for securing its layer messages, the above layers specify the keys and the CCM option for each frame.

SECURE NETWORK FRAME

APPLICATION LAYER SECURITY Uses the “link key” or the “network key” to secure the message. Encapsulates it inside a set of fields similar to the network format. Other security responsibilities that the application layer has are to provide the ZDO and the applications with device management services, key establishment, and key transport

SECURE APPLICATION LAYER FRAME

ZDO AND APPLICATION SUB-LAYER The ZigBee application layer contains the manufacturer-defined application objects, the ZDO and the application sub-layer. In addition to the security responsibilities, the application sub-layer: Binds devices based on their duties and needs. Maintains the binding tables. Forwards messages between them. Discovers the neighbour devices for a given device.

ZDO The ZDO is responsible for: Determining the device’s duty in the network. Communicating using binding requests. Supporting security Sub-layer that implements the actual application is the manufacturer-defined application object

CONCLUSION Zigbee applications are in diverse areas Zigbee Alliance works as a non-profit organization which has more than 200 members. IEEE 802.15.4 covers Physical Layer And Mac Layer. Zigbee adds network construction,application services, and more.

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