Farewell to Manzanar Introduction Honors English

What is Pearl Harbor? December 7, 1941

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Pearl Harbor Speech KWL Chart What do you KNOW about Pearl Harbor? What do you WANT to know about Pearl Harbor? What did you LEARN about Pearl Harbor? Speech http://www.drharrold.com/farewell-to-manzanar.html

Why Did this Attack Occur? Japan was on the way to emerge as the strongest naval power, which at this point, America owned the title. United States imposed a ban ordered by President Roosevelt on the trade functions of Japan especially export of oil, steel, and iron. Japan wanted world dominance: territory and military Japan was allies with Germany which was an opposition to American allies Posed a problem because of what was going on in Germany (Holocaust)

Continued…. This ban set back the Japanese economy and their trade and military was adversely affected. Because of this, Japan saw that America stood in their way and wanted to remove the threat. http://www.enkivillage.com/why-did-japan-attack- pearl-harbor.html

Fear Develops The attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 led some to suspect that Japan was preparing a full-scale attack on the West Coast of the United States. The overtaking of a large portion of Asia and the Pacific between 1936 and 1942 made Japan’s military forces seem unstoppable to some Americans.

Japanese Internment Camps During World War II Internment refers to the forced imprisonment and relocation of a group of people. In 1942 shortly after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, approximately 110,000 Japanese Nationals and Japanese Americans were forced into housing facilities called "War Relocation Camps.”

Who was interned? All Japanese citizens on the West Coast were sent to camps. In Hawaii, which had a large Japanese American population, only about 10% were interned. Of all of the Japanese Americans interned, about 62% were American citizens.

Who it involved? About 127,000 Japanese Americans lived on the West Coast at the time of the Pearl Harbor attack. About 80,000 were nisei (Japanese born in the United States and holding American citizenship) and sansei (the sons or daughters of nisei). The rest were issei (people born in Japan who were ineligible for U.S. citizenship).

How could this happen? President Franklin Delano Roosevelt authorized the internment with Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942 This power was used to declare that all people of Japanese ancestry were excluded from the entire Pacific coast, including all of California and most of Oregon and Washington. Because of this order, Japanese had 10 days to register the family and prepare to leave their homes. To show their loyalty, Japanese Americans went to interment camps willingly.

Racially Motivated or Truly Dangerous? Those that were as little as 1/16th Japanese could be placed in internment camps. There is some evidence supporting the argument that the measures were racially motivated, rather than a military necessity. For example, orphaned infants with "one drop of Japanese blood" (as explained in a letter by one official) were included in the program.

Anti-Japanese Feelings Most Japanese Americans settled in California Competition for jobs created hard feelings Competition amongst farmers to sell their products also caused hard feelings Marriages between Americans and Japanese or other Asians was prohibited by law in 1905 Schools were segregated Laws made it hard for “Orientals” to become citizens

Racist Quote “I don't want any of them [persons of Japanese ancestry] here. They are a dangerous element. There is no way to determine their loyalty... It makes no difference whether he is an American citizen, he is still Japanese. American citizenship does not necessarily determine loyalty... But we must worry about the Japanese all the time until he is wiped off the map.” ---Lieutenant General John DeWitt (General in United States Army)

Another Racist Quote "We're charged with wanting to get rid of the Japs for selfish reasons. We do. It's a question of whether the white man lives on the Pacific Coast or the brown men… If all the Japs were removed tomorrow, we had never miss them in two weeks, because the white farmers can take over and produce everything the Jap grows. And we do not want them back when the war ends, either.” ---Austin E. Anson (Secretary of Vegetable Grower-Shipper Association)

Loyalty Regulations Among many other loyalty regulations, Section 31 required the registration and fingerprinting of all aliens above the age of 14. In the subsequent months, nearly five million foreign nationals registered at post offices around the country Section 35 required aliens to report any change of address within 5 days.

Well-known Internment Camps Gile River War Relocation Center, Arizona Granada War Relocation Center, Colorado (AKA "Amache") Heart Mountain War Relocation Center, Wyoming Jerome War Relocation Center, Arkansas Manzanar War Relocation Center, California Minidoka War Relocation Center, Idaho Poston War Relocation Center, Arizona Rohwer War Relocation Center, Arkansas Topaz War Relocation Center , Utah Tule Lake War Relocation Center, California

Compliance Although that may be the view to outsiders, the Japanese Americans people tended to comply with the U.S. government to prove themselves loyal citizens. This perceived loyalty to the United States can be attributed to the collective mentality of Japanese culture, where citizens are more concerned with the overall good of the group as opposed to focusing on individual wants and needs.

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Aftermath and Compensation of Internment In 1988, President Ronald Regan signed legislation that Congress implemented called the Civil Liberties Act Apologizing on behalf of the nation for the "grave injustice" done to persons of Japanese ancestry. Congress declared that the internments had been "motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership" and authorized $20,000 payments to Japanese Americans who had suffered injustices during World War II.