1798 Rebellion Revision Causes: Religious discrimination with only Protestant ascendancy (ruling class) holding power. All of them were from Church of ireland and only members of C of I could attend uni, be members of parliament or have important jobs. Penal laws meant Catholics had very few rights. Rural poverty with high rents and tithe to Anglican church. Influence of American and French Revolution – idea of equality for all and a republic. Wolfetone and others established Society of United Irishmen to unite all Irish men for a better parliament with less British control, to unite all religions and work peacefully. 1793, Britain at war with France banned United Irishmen, Tone leaves for America. United Irishmen re form as a secret society and take an oath to FIGHT for a republic

Tone returns with French help under Lazare Hoche but they were impeded by bad weather at Bantry Bay British under General Lake used terror to crush United Irishmen, they burnt houses, tortured people and used flogging, pitch capping and half hanging. This made people more determined to rebel. The government also used spies to find out information on the UI who kept the government well informed

Main Events 1798: Spies in UI lead to capture of leaders, not including Tone. Fighting began in Dublin, Meath, Carlow, Wicklow and Kildare Easily defeated and prisoners treated brutally – sparked rising in Wexford. UI were weakened by their lack of leaders and adequate weapons

Wexford Rebels had some victories at Oulart Hill and Enniscorthy, led by Fr. John Murphy, mainly due to the fact that they outnumbered the British. The rebels then set up headquarters at Vinegar Hill. Then moved on to Wexford town and set up the Committee of Public Safety, Which organised food and restored order to the town. The rebels however had no military training and were very poorly armed. Their main weapons were pikes. New British troops arrived and defeated one rebel group at New Ross, after the batttle the British shot or hanged many rebel suspects. In response, in Scullabogue rebels set fire to a barn where over 100 prisoners were held.

Rebels were finally defeated at Vinegar Hill by the British under the command of General Lake. After the battle the government troops burnt the rebel field hospital. Thousands of rebels were rounded up, many were executed without trial, while leaders such as Fr. John Murphy and Bagenal Harvey were hanged and their heads stuck on spikes. Others were transported as convicts to Australia.

Another rebel army were defeated at Arklow. As government forces advanced on Wexford town a mob attacked a jail that contained Protestant prisoners. 100 Protestant prisoners were massacred by rebels on Wexford Bridge.

Ulster Protestants shocked by attacks in Wexford so rising was small. Henry Joy McCracken led a small force in Antrim but was defeated. Henry Munro was defeated in Balllinahinch. Other leaders were hanged.

French Help In August Tone arrived off Killala, Co. Mayo with 1000+ man. Initial success in Connaught with British retreating to Athlone. British poured troops in and defeated French at Ballinamuck. Irish massacred. Another French fleet arrived off the coast of Donegal but were captured before they landed. Tone arrested and sentenced to death by hanging, but committed suicide in jail.

Robert Emmet 1803 Robert Emmet organised a rebellion that failed and he was hanged in Thomas Street.

Consequences More than 40,000 deaths – mostly Irish. Protestant Ascendancy terrified, if rebels had succeeded they would have lost their land, power and even their lives. Act of Union 1800 – the British abolished the Irish parliament and made Ireland part of the UK, this union lasted until 1920. Republicanism – Tone inspired later leaders with his ideas of a republic. Others like Daniel O’ Connell turned from violence and achieved much through peaceful means. End of Protestant nationalism as they mistrusted the Catholics after the massacres, they now started to look to Britain for protection and became strong supporters of the Act of Union.

2009 Section 6 Accounts Q A. (v) (b)Henry VII Wanted to divorce Catherine of Arragon because no male heir Wanted to marry Anne Boelyn Act of Supremacy Church of England and Ireland Dissolved all monasteries, convents etc and confiscated land Married 6 times

(a) Calvin’s church in Geneva No gambling ,dancing or heavy drinking No dark clothes, jewellery, or make – up Very plain undecorated churches No crucifixes, statues, alters or stained glass windows No musical instruments, these distracted from God Main feature was the pulpit, pastor preached from here

(c) Ignatius Loyola Founded the Jesuits in 1534 Was a soldier but got badly wounded Aims: To spread faith by missionary work To educate the young and poor Jesuits like an army, dedicated to the pope Head called the general Wrote a book called “ Spiritual Exercises” Jesuits famous for education Faced torture and death if caught preaching Catholic religion Most famous missionary – Francis Xavier

QB. (iv) (a) Sport and Leisure Discos, nightclubs etc replaced dancehalls Computer games, wii etc TV’s in all houses, less interaction with neighbours Holidays abroad Sport watched on tv, huge support for teams etc, multi – million pound industry Cars on roads means sport now a leisure activity etc

(b)Transport Families with more than 1 car Huge congestion/ traffic jams on the roads Motorways have improved driving conditions Planes very common form of transport DART , LUAS etc. Faster commutes etc. Improve Quality Bus Coridoors

(c) Women Free education, secondary school and university for more women Marriage bar, women able to progress in chosen careers Co- ed schools mean better range of subjects More women in politics, woman president etc Employment equality act 1977, same pay as men Housework reduced due to new devices such as dishwasher etc

Q D. (v) (c)Struggle for Independence Educated Indians see all males in Britain have a vote India under British rule but not treated very well Two parties emerge – Muslim League and Congress Party Campaigned for local councils ,but mainly controlled by Hindus Ghandi emerges as a leader, looks for independence through non violent means Salt March Ghandi demands independence in return for Indian help in WW2 Britain not able to afford colonies after the war, will leave in 1947 Muslims and Hindus cannot work together so partition necessary Huge problems ensue such as violent riots etc

2008 Section 6 accounts QA.(iii) (a) Why Industrial Revolution began in Britain Population explosion due to: New foods and fewer famines Healthier drinks Medical discoveries eg. Vaccination against smallpox Britain has natural resources such as coal needed for new machines Lots of great inventors All the new people need more food, clothes etc

(b) Living conditions Not enough houses, whole families in one room No running water or toilets Few sewers, waste thrown into streets and streams Smoke from factories causing lung disease etc Typhoid caused from dirty water TB from damp living conditions Cholera from bad drains and dirty water

(c) Improvements in transport Canals built which made it easier to carry heavy goods Roads improved with firm foundations and good drainage ditches Turnpike trusts meant good roads you had to pay tolls on Stage coaches meant public transport Mail coaches meant reliable postal service Steam power used to fuel ships and locomotives Trains were much quicker than stage coaches

Q B. (iv) Impact of changes in communications RTE exposed people to new ideas, attitudes etc – less conservative ideas were introduced about such issues as contraception etc Exposed to new range of fashions, styles , designs etc. People are now instantly reachable because of mobile phones Skype means you can talk to people free of charge, through video you can be in instant contact with family and friends Information for school projects is much easier to get now

QC. (ii) (d) NICRA Unionists controlled councils and discriminated against Catholics in terms of jobs and houses Better educated Catholics now led to setting up of NICRA Set up in 1967 to look for : - one man, one vote - end to discrimination in housing and jobs Protest marches were initially peaceful, but Ian Paisley organised rival marches at the same time which led to riots between the 2 groups DUP was set up to oppose change SDLP set up by John Hume and Gerry Fitt Riots were seen on tv and embarrassed the British government

Q.D (ii) (a)Mussolini’s Political Achievements After his March on Rome, he was made prime minister Banned communists, then all parties Ruled through propaganda, fear and youth policy Signed the Lateran Treaty and made peace with the church Invaded Abyssinia Signed the Rome – Berlin Axis 1936 Signed the Pact of Steel 1939

(b)Education and youth control in Nazi Germany Teachers had to join Nazi Teachers Association Boys – Hitler youth Girls – League of German girls School – focus on physical fitness Boys taught how to use guns Propaganda ensured a strong following from youth

(c)Treatment of Jews Nuremburg laws – deprived of citizenship Forbidden to marry a German Jewish shops boycotted Kristallnacht Concentration camps Final solution