Chapter 7 Urinary System Lesson 7.1 Arteriole Bowman capsule calyces/calices calyx/calix catheter cortex creatinine electrolytes erythropoietin (EPO) filtration glomerulus hilum Kidney meatus Medulla micturition Nephron nitrogenous waste potassium (K+) reabsorption renal artery renal pelvis Renin Journal question: What are the functions of the kidneys? Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1

Chapter Goals Name essential organs of the urinary system and describe their locations and functions. Identify common pathological conditions. Recognize how urinalysis is used and interpreted as a diagnostic test. Define urinary-system-related combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes.

Introduction Nitrogenous wastes Kidneys urea creatinine uric acid Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine Maintain proper balance of Water Electrolytes Acids Why is nitrogenous waste excreted from the body in a soluble rather than gaseous form? By what medium does urea travel to the kidneys?

Introduction (cont’d) Kidneys also secrete Hormones Renin: enzymatic hormone important in adjusting blood pressure Erythropoietin: hormone that stimulates the red blood cell production in bone marrow Kidneys also adjust amount of water and electrolytes for proper muscle and nerve function. Are there other important functions performed by the kidneys?

Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d) Organs of the Urinary System in a Male Have students name the organs of the urinary system labeled 1-4 in the figure. What is the size and weight of a normal kidney? What function is performed by the ureters? What function is performed by the urinary bladder? What function is performed by the urethra?

Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d) Female Urinary System How does the female urinary system differ from the male urinary system? What is the trigone and what function does it perform? What is micturition?

QUICK QUIZ: 1. What is voiding? nitrogenous waste urination outer section of the kidney triangular area in the bladder Correct answer is B: urination

QUICK QUIZ: 1. What is voiding? nitrogenous waste urination outer section of the kidney triangular area in the bladder Correct answer is B: urination

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d) Blood enters kidneys through right and left renal arteries Arterioles carry blood to capillaries Glomeruli filter blood The renal artery branches into smaller arteries, arterioles, and glomeruli located throughout the cortex of the kidneys. What is a glomerulus? There are approximately one million glomeruli in the cortex of each kidney. How does the kidney regulate blood pressure? Why is maintenance of proper blood pressure important to the kidneys’ function?

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d) Glomerulus & Glomerular /Bowman Capsule Blood passes through glomeruli Glomerular (Bowman) capsule surrounds each glomerulus Renal tubule is attached to each Bowman capsule What functions do the glomerulus, Bowman capsule, and renal tubule perform in the production of urine? Why don’t proteins and blood cells usually appear in the urine? What is the process of reabsorption? What is secretion? What substances make up urine? (Note: These substances become toxic if allowed to accumulate.)

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d) Three steps in the formation of urine Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion What functions are performed in each of the three steps in the formation of urine? The combination of a glomerulus and a renal tubule is called a nephron. (There are more than one million nephrons in a kidney.)

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d) Glomerulus and a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.

QUICK QUIZ: Approximately how many nephrons are in a kidney? 100,000,000 10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 Correct answer is C: one million

QUICK QUIZ: Approximately how many nephrons are in a kidney? 100,000,000 10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 Correct answer is C: one million

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d) All collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis Calyces or calices are small, cuplike regions of the renal pelvis Illustration shows section of kidney Notice how secretion and reabsorption are functions of the same organs. Cup-like regions in the renal pelvis are called calyces or calices. Where do all connecting tubules lead? The renal pelvis narrows to form the ureter. To which organ does the ureter lead?

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d) Process of forming and expelling urine How is urine flow from the bladder to the urethra controlled? What triggers the need to urinate? Urine finally exits the body through the urinary meatus.

Vocabulary (cont’d) arteriole calyx or calix Small artery Cuplike collecting region of the renal pelvis Refer to p. 216 for more detailed definitions. How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system? Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

Vocabulary (cont’d) catheter cortex creatinine Tube for injecting or removing fluids Outer region of an organ Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system? Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

Vocabulary (cont’d) electrolyte erythropoietin (EPO) Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate production of red blood cells by bone marrow. electrolyte erythropoietin (EPO) How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system? Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

Vocabulary (cont’d) filtration glomerular capsule glomerulus hilum Process whereby some substances pass through a filter Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus; also called Bowman capsule Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney Depression in the part of an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave filtration glomerular capsule glomerulus hilum How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system? Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

Vocabulary (cont’d) kidney meatus medulla One of two bean-shaped organs which filter nitrogenous waste from the bloodstream to form urine Opening or canal Inner region of an organ What path does waste take through the urinary system?

Vocabulary (cont’d) nephron nitrogenous waste The functional unit of the kidney where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine What path does waste take through the urinary system?

Vocabulary (cont’d) potassium (K+) reabsorption renal artery An electrolyte regulated by the kidney Renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney What path does waste take through the urinary system?

Vocabulary (cont’d) renal pelvis renal tubules renal vein Central collection region in the kidney Microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration. Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney. What path does waste take through the urinary system?

Vocabulary (cont’d) renin sodium (Na+) trigone Hormone secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressure. An electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys. Triangular area in the urinary bladder. What is another term for urination? What is renin and where is it formed? Where is the trigone located?

Vocabulary (cont’d) urea ureter urethra Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine One of two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Vocabulary (cont’d) Nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine Process of expelling urine; also called micturition uric acid urinary bladder urination (voiding)

Terminology: Structures, Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d) cali/o , calic/o calyx (calix) cyst/o urinary bladder glomerul/o glomerulus meat/o meatus Combining Form Meaning Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Terminology: Structures, Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d) STRUCTURES cyst/o cystitis inflammation of the urinary bladder Combining Form Terminology Meaning Bacterial infections often cause acute or chronic cystitis. In acute cystitis, the bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal hemorrhage (see figure, Acute cystitis). Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Terminology: Structures, Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d) nephr/o kidney pyel/o renal pelvis ren/o kidney trigon/o trigone Combining Form Meaning Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Terminology: Structures, Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d) nephr/o hydronephrosis Condition of excess fluid (water) in the kidney. Combining Form Terminology Meaning Obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi (stones) as shown in figure. Notice the buildup of excess fluid in the kidney.

Terminology: Structures, Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d) ureter/o ureter urethr/o urethra vesic/o urinary bladder Combining Form Meaning Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Terminology: Structures, Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d) SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS albumin/o albumin azot/o nitrogen bacteri/o bacteria dips/o thirst Combining Form Meaning Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Terminology: Structures, Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d) SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS kal/o potassium ket/o, keton/o ketone bodies lith/o stone nat/o sodium noct/o night olig/o scanty Combining Form Or Suffix Meaning Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Terminology: Structures, Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d) SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS -poietin substance that forms py/o pus -tripsy to crush ur/o urea urin/o urine -uria urination; urine condition Combining Form or Suffix Meaning Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Urinalysis Tests included in a urinalysis Color = large amount of water in urine. Appearance Smoky-red or brown indicates presence of blood in urine. pH 6.5 (slightly acidic) Protein test looks for albumin, which indicates a leak in the glomerular membrane Glucose presence signals possibility of diabetes Colorless urine = large amount of water in urine. Smoky-red or brown indicates presence of blood in urine. Normal pH is 6.5 (slightly acidic). Protein test looks for albumin, which indicates a leak in the glomerular membrane. Glucose presence signals possibility of diabetes.

Urinalysis (cont’d) Tests included in a urinalysis Specific gravity reflects amounts of wastes and minerals. Ketone bodies appear when the body breaks down fat Sediment abnormal particles Phenylketonuria indicates a lack of enzyme, especially in infants. PKU test measures this Bilirubin results from a hemoglobin breakdown Specific gravity reflects amounts of wastes and minerals. Ketone bodies appear when the body breaks down fat. Sediment are abnormal particles. Phenylketonuria indicates a lack of enzyme, especially in infants. PKU test measures this. Bilirubin results from a hemoglobin breakdown.

QUICK QUIZ: In a urinalysis, what does the test specific gravity reflect? A. the chemical nature of urine B. presence of albumin C. blood in the urine D. amount of wastes, minerals and solids in the urine Correct answer is D: specific gravity compares the density of urine with that of water.

QUICK QUIZ: In a urinalysis, what does the test specific gravity reflect? A. the chemical nature of urine B. presence of albumin C. blood in the urine D. amount of wastes, minerals and solids in the urine Correct answer is D: specific gravity compares the density of urine with that of water.