PEDRO MIGUEL GOMES CORDEIRO Cognitive-motivational determinants of career decision-making processes: validation of a conceptual model A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Psychology (Specialty area of Educational Psychology) at the University of Coimbra and the University of Lisbon, under the supervision of Doctor Maria Paula Paixão, PHD, and co-supervision of Doctor Marlies Lacante, PHD. May, 6, 2016

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT The initial steps Build the research team; Applying for Funding Support; Applying for an European PHD; Choose the dissertation format. Preliminary results International Co-supervision; Fellowship: FCT/Mixed Scholarship; Approved Doctoral European PHD. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

THE RESEARCH PROJECT AIM Validate an integrated model of the contextual and cognitive-motivational factors affecting adolescents´ adjustment and career identity development in the transition from high school to higher education / job market.

THE RESEARCH PROJECT GOALS Converge theories of motivation and cognition to validate an integrated conceptual model; Unified conceptual framework: SDT Examine possible distinct pathways through which parenting styles and adolescent cognitive-motivational processes influence career identity development and well/ill-being; Derive implications: theory and career counselling interventions. of the determinants of career identity development and well/ill-being

INNOVATIVE ASPECTS Limitations Confusing Effects? Previous Research: broad consensus: the quality of parent-child interactions in three interrelated dimensions. Parental Support Autonomy-support Self-initiation, intrinsic motivation) Limitations Responsiveness/warmth Affective, accepting, involved interactions) Perceived Parenting Conceptual / Operational diversity (dimensional vs typological app.) Distinct historical moments Narrow-Scoped vs integrative Empirically vs Top down approach Behavior Control of the determinants of career identity development and well/ill-being Structure, behavior regulation Clear expectations, Rule setting) Psychol. Control Confusing Effects? Manipulative, Autonomy-inhibiting Guilt-induction, shaming, love withdrawal)

INNOVATIVE ASPECTS (1) Limitations Self-Determination Theory as the unified conceptual framework 2. Test the mediation hypothesis: parenting impacts development though basic need satisfaction Limitations Parental Support Autonomy Sat. (self-endorsement, volition and choice in actions) Autonomy-support (freedom of choice, volition) Well-being Need Satisfaction Vs Frustration (Measure need frustration from low NS?) Inconsistent effects on ill-being. (Unique effects of needs frustration?) Parental thwarting mostly focused on autonomy (competence, relatedness?) Responsiveness/warmth (empathy, accept, involve) Competence Sat. (goal effectiveness, efficacy and mastery in actions. Optimal challenge, structure, feedback) of the determinants of career identity development and well/ill-being Behavior Control Ill-being Regulate / Structure Clear expectations/ rules Active monitoring) Relatedness Sat. (intimate, close, accepting relations to others) Parental Thwarting Psychological Control (gult-inductin, shaming, love withdrawal) Psychol. Control Manipulative, Autonomy-inhibiting Guilt-induction, shaming, love withdrawal)

INNOVATIVE ASPECTS (2) 3. Extend emergent SDT-based research examining need satisfaction and frustration as substantively distinct constructs 4. Extend the SDT findings to the career domain Identity Dimensions Exploration in breadth Exploration in depth Ruminative exploration Commitment-making Parental Support Autonomy Satisfaction ? Competence Satisfaction Behavior Control Relatedness Satisfaction Regulation of the career decision Autonomous career decision-making Controlled career decision-making of the determinants of career identity development and well/ill-being Autonomy Frustration Parental Thwarting Competence Frustration ? Adjustment / Well-being Satisfaction With Life (Hedonic) Subjective Vitality (Eudaimonic); Maladjustment / Ill-being Anxiety; Depression; Somatization Relatedness Frustration

INNOVATIVE ASPECTS (3) MOTIVATION AND COGNITION Motivational and cognitive theories also posit that specific self-schemas (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 2000; Young & Klosko, 1994) and situational cognitions (Lent, Brown & Hacket, 1994) develop from experiences of need satisfaction and frustration to cope with specific situational demands. 5. Test the mediation hypothesis: Psychological needs impact development though cognitive processes? ? MOTIVATION PRECEDES COGNITION ? COGNITION MEDIATES EFECTS OF MOTIVATION SDT SCCT Schema Model ? LIMITATIONS Need satisfaction Need frustration of the determinants of career identity development and well/ill-being Independent Research on motivational, cognitive dimensions Deficit of comprehensive models in the career identity domain Self-determined positive flexible self-schemas Career Decision-making self-efficacy Early maladaptive self-schemas; Inform. processing Autonomous trajectories of growth and thriving Well-being Controlled processes Maladjustment

THE RESEARCH MODEL Perceived Parenting Psychological needs Cognitions 5. Proposal of a Comprehensive Conceptual Model Overly understudied Career identity-related choice Exploration in breadth Exploration in depth Ruminative exploration Commitment-making How perceived parenting, psychological needs, schematic functioning and self-efficacy relate to predict career exploration and commitment-making to a career path, in the transition to higher education or to the job market? How they relate to adjustment (well/ill-being). Parental Support Parental Thwarting Perceived Parenting Psychological needs Basic Need Satisfaction Basic Need Frustration Schematic functioning Career D.M Self-efficacy Cognitions Regulation of the career decision Autonomous career commitments Controlled career commitments autonomous Adjustment / Well-being Satisfaction With Life (Hedonic) Subjective Vitality (Eudaimonic); Maladjustment / Ill-being Anxiety Depression Somatization SM (Young & Klosko, 1994) SDT (Deci & Ryan, 2000) SDT (Deci & Ryan, 2000) SCCT (Betz, 2001)

HYPOTHESES “Bright” pathways of adjustment and Identity development Parental support positively predicts proactive exploration of career options, autonomous commitment-making and well-being, through basic need satisfaction. Career decision-making self-efficacy mediates the positive effects of parental support on proactive exploration of career options, autonomous commitment-making and well-being over and above needs satisfaction. H2 “Dark” pathways of adjustment and Identity development of the determinants of career identity development and well/ill-being H1 Parental thwarting positively predicts ruminative exploration of career options, controlled commitment-making and Ill-being, through basic need frustration. Schematic processing mediate the effects of parental thwarting on ruminative exploration of career options, controlled commitment-making and Ill-being over and above needs frustration. H2

RESEARCH OVERVIEW Chapter Type of Article Review Published Status Longitudinal Cross-sectional Review Dataset 1 (N = 755) Dataset 2 (N = 462) Dataset 3 (N = 371) Dataset 4 (N = 417) Chapter 2. Reading scientific papers   √  Published Psychology, Community and Health Chapter 3. Scale validation: BPNSFS  In Press Psychologica Bélgica Chapter 4. Scale validation: BMPN  Published Learning and Individual Differences  Chapter 5. Scale development. PNSTS  Under Review. Motivation & Emotion Chapter 6. Parenting; Needs. Published. Spanish Journal of Psychology Chapter 7. Needs, CDMSE; Career Identity.  Published. Journal of Vocational Behavior  Chapter 8. Parenting, Needs, Identity; Adjustment.  Second Review Journal of Career development.  Chapter 9. Needs, Schematic Functioning, Identity; Motives; Well/Ill-Being  Under Review. Journal of Counseling Psychology. Chapter 10. Research Overview  Accepted. Book Chapter Dataset ½: 12th grade students; Dataset 3: high (10-12th grade) grade students; Dataset 4: undergraduate students. of the determinants of career identity development and well/ill-being

STUDY DESIGN “Dark” pathways of adjustment and Identity development Parental support positively predicts proactive exploration of career options, autonomous commitment-making and well-being, through basic need satisfaction. Career decision-making self-efficacy mediates the positive effects of parental support on proactive exploration of career options, autonomous commitment-making and well-being over and above needs satisfaction. H2 “Dark” pathways of adjustment and Identity development of the determinants of career identity development and well/ill-being H1 Parental thwarting positively predicts ruminative exploration of career options, controlled commitment-making and Ill-being, through basic need frustration. Schematic processing mediate the effects of parental thwarting on ruminative exploration of career options, controlled commitment-making and Ill-being over and above needs frustration. H2

Career decision-making THE RESEARCH MODEL Motivational and cognitive theories also posit that specific self-schemas (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 2000; Young & Klosko, 1994) and situational cognitions (Lent, Brown & Hackket, 1994) develop from experiences of need satisfaction and frustration to cope with specific situational demands. BUT… Combined relations to predict adjustment and identity development during critical career transitions are untested Dimensions of identity development Exploration of a career path Exploration in breadth Exploration in depth Ruminative exploration Commitment-making Regulation of the career decision Autonomous career decision-making Controlled career decision-making of the determinants of career identity development and well/ill-being Parenting Parental Support Parental Thwarting Psychological needs Basic Need Satisfaction Basic Need Frustration Cognitions Schematic functioning Career decision-making Self-efficacy Adjustment / Well-being Satisfaction With Life Subjective Vitality Maladjustment / Ill-being Anxiety; Depression; Somatization SM (Young & Klosko, 1994) SDT (Deci & Ryan, 2000) SDT (Deci & Ryan, 2000) SCCT (Betz, 2001)

Unique mediation for each need? Distinct mediation of satisfaction and frustration? Effects of parenting on need frustration? (Unique effects of needs satisfaction and frustration on identity development and ?)

Futuro Transcendental Passado Positivo Presente Hedonista Futuro Autonomy Support Structure Warmth Responsiveness Futuro Transcendental Passado Negativo Presente Fatalista Futuro Negativo