Millimeter Wave IC Design Anurag Nigam

Introductions Name of Instructor:…Anurag Nigam…………………………… Anurag holds Master of Technology Degree in Satellite Technology and Applications from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. He has 10 years of design experience in RFIC/MMIC Designs in various companies. Currently, Anurag is a Senior Designer with NatTel Microsystems. His main area of interest is High Speed Mixed Signal IC Design. Contacts: Ph. No. +91 9765844016, E-mail: anurag_nigam@nattelmicro.com Name of Instructor:…Anurag Nigam…………………………… Participant’s Name:……………………………………………... Nature of Job:…………………………………………………… Area of Focus:…………………………………………...

Theme Day 1- Background Preparation Maxwell Equations-Physical Interpretation & Application Interconnects- Design, Mismatch, & Insertion Losses GaAs Process- Pseudomorphic HEMTs, Inductors, & MIM Capacitors Process Introduction Day 2- Power Amplifier, MMIC Design Example DC Characterization- Biasing Decoupling, Biasing Techniques, Thermal Stability Small Signal Characterization- Matching & Stability Large Signal Characterization- Single Tone Analysis, Matching across Power Load Pull Day 3- Design Refining, Layout & Design Post Processing Modulated Signal- QAM16 Input, Ptolemy & Circuit Co-simulations Linearity- Two Tone Analysis, IP3, ACPR, & EVM On-chip Power Combiners & Dividers Layout & Tiling

Design Areas Single Transistor Gain Stage in SiGe IHP Process operating at 60 GHz Bias Decoupling using Quarter Wave Lines G S Vdd Load Match Source Match Passive Design & Modeling Matching Techniques Bias Decoupling Device Characterization DC Characterization Small Signal Matching Stability Large Signal Matching Matching for Linearity Linearity Characterization Spectral Re-growth Signal Integrity Layout EM-Circuit Co-simulation

Tutorial1: Maxwell’s Equations Day 1 Direction of Propagation Right Hand Thumb Rule Q Tutorial1: Maxwell’s Equations

Important Variables Units Electric Field Intensity Magnetic Field Intensity Electric Flux Density Electric Current Density Magnetic Current Density Electric Charge Density Magnetic Charge Density Electrical Conductivity Units

Maxwell’s Equations Definition of Curl Right Hand Thumb Rule Surface Electric Current Density Electric Current Density Due to Medium Conductivity and Electric Field Time Varying Electric Flux Density Direction of these vectors is normal to the plane in the direction as shown in figure Definition of Curl Stoke’s Theorem

Maxwell’s Equations Definition of Curl Right Hand Thumb Rule Surface Magnetic Current Density Time Varying Magnetic Flux Density Direction of these vectors is normal to the plane in the direction as shown in figure Definition of Curl Stoke’s Theorem

Maxwell’s Equations Definition of Divergence Electric Charge enclosed by the surface Q Surface Integral of Normal Component of Electric Flux Density over closed surface Definition of Divergence Divergence Theorem

Maxwell’s Equations Definition of Divergence Qm=0 Magnetic Charge enclosed by the surface is Zero Surface Integral of Normal Component of Magnetic Flux Density over closed surface Definition of Divergence Divergence Theorem

Substrates (Boards or Laminates) Metal 1- Copper plated with gold Metal 2- Copper plated with gold Dielectric (Laminate/Substrate) W L d In a charge free medium, Electromagnetic Waves travel due to change of electric and magnetic flux densities with time. Electric and Magnetic Fields are set up in a medium referred to as substrate. Electric and Magnetic fields are normal to each other and to the direction of propagation for TEM (Transverse Electric and Magnetic) Waves. Direction of Propagation

Constitutive Relations Electric and Magnetic Flux Density are related to Electric and Magnetic Field Intensity using material dependent constants. These relations are called Constitutive Relations. Polar & Anisotropic Anisotropic Isotropic Magnetic Dielectric Insulators & Semiconductors Direction Dependent Constants Direction Independent Constants Constant of proportionality relating Electric Flux Density and Electric Field Intensity is Constant of Permittivity and that relating Magnetic Flux Density and Magnetic Field Intensity is Constant of Permeability.

Constitutive Relations For medium with conductivity (Electric Charge Mobility), Electric Current Density is related to Electric Field Intensity by Ohm’s Law. Conductors As there are no free magnetic charges there is no Magnetic Current Density. Linear & Non-Linear Substrates In case constant of permittivity, permeability or conductivity vary with Field intensity, material is Non-Linear otherwise it is linear. Commonly used substrates in microwave circuits are linear. Dispersive & Non-Dispersive Substrates In case constant of permittivity or permeability vary with frequency of EM wave, material is dispersive. Non-dispersive substrates are preferable for broadband applications. Permittivity frequency Dispersive Substrate Input Pulse Output Pulse

Dielectric Materials Electric Polarization Dipoles align resulting in smaller Electric Field Intensity in medium + - E P Normal Component of applied E causes electric dipoles to align D Normal Component of D is continuous unless charge is stored at interface Polarization Flux Density P is introduced for continuity where Is the dielectric constant of free-space (8.854e-12) F/m Is the relative dielectric constant. It is a complex number

Dielectric Loss Alternating Electric Field Intensity causes electric dipoles to oscillate. Damping of these dipoles causes loss known as Dielectric Loss. Dielectric loss is represented by imaginary part of complex dielectric constant. Phasor Form of Maxwell’s Equation Field Vectors can vary in time with periodic nature that can be decomposed into sinusoidal basis functions. Thus field vectors in Maxwell’s Equations can be assumed to be sinusoidal and be represented in Phasor Form as follows Electric Dipoles when Time Varying E is applied Ratio of real to imaginary part is measure of dielectric and conductor loss to reactive energy stored in substrate. This ratio is known as Loss Tangent. Loss Tangent