Section 5: The American Revolution CHAPTER 11 Enlightenment and Revolution in England and America Section 1: Civil War and Revolution Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England Section 3: English Colonial Expansion Section 4: The Enlightenment Section 5: The American Revolution

Taxes that cause dissatisfaction A. The seven years war left England with a large debt. England felt that the American colonists, should help pay the debt.

B. The Sugar Act of 1764 (sugar and molasses) The Stamp Act of 1765 (documents) Trials held in the colonies against smugglers were held before judges only. The colonist considered this a denial of the “rights of Englishmen” which guaranteed a trial by jury.

The call for Independence A. The colonist argued that they should not have to pay English taxes because they were not represented in the English Parliament. “No taxation without representation.”

B. Those wanting independence were called Patriots. But the people of the colonies were not united on wanting independence. Those opposed to independence were called Tories or Loyalists.

War Begins A. The First Continental Congress met at Philadelphia in September 1774. The First Continental Congress urged colonists to take up arms and organize militias.

B. Fighting erupted between. colonists and the British army at B. Fighting erupted between colonists and the British army at Lexington and Concord in April 1775. In May 1775 the Second Continental Congress met to form an army, called the Continental Army, with George Washington as commander.

C. On July 4, 1776, the Second. Continental Congress C. On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson. The Declaration of Independence was based on the ideas of John Locke.

The Battles A. By 1778, England had been fighting for three years. They had won many sea battles, but were unable to capture the interior land of America. This gave the Continental Army the will to continue fighting.

B. The Americans won a decisive victory at Yorktown, Virginia in 1781. There the British general, Lord Cornwallis, surrendered his army to combined American and French forces.

Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation, America’s first constitution, did little to provide for a strong central government. United States was governed under the Articles from 1781 to 1789.

The American Revolution SECTION 5 The American Revolution Articles of Confederation 1781 One-house congress; each state had one vote Weak central gov’t – could not levy taxes or coin money; could not regulate trade with foreign nations or states; no chief executive; only courts were state courts Power was in the hands of the States.

The Constitution A. The Constitution was created in 1789 in which power would be shared between the national government and the state governments.

B. The federal government was. divided into three branches, B. The federal government was divided into three branches, each with some power to check the workings of the others. Executive Branch - President Legislative Branch – House of Representatives and Senate

C. The third branch of government was the Judicial branch. The Judicial branch would enforce the Constitution as the “supreme law of the land.”

The Bill of Rights (1791). guaranteed freedom of speech, The Bill of Rights (1791) guaranteed freedom of speech, religion, press, petition, and assembly. The Bill of Rights also guaranteed a trial by jury, and the protection of property rights. Many of the rights in the Bill of Rights were derived from the natural rights proposed by 17 & 18th century philosophers.

The American Revolution SECTION 5 The American Revolution Mercantilist trade laws began to be enforced…. And the colonists reacted ….

WHY would the colonists believe that they didn’t have to pay?? SECTION 5 The American Revolution Doesn’t EVERYONE have to pay taxes? “Taxation without representation is tyranny." WHY would the colonists believe that they didn’t have to pay?? These new taxes were designed to help support the British government. Americans argued that they should not have to pay such taxes because they were not represented in Parliament and therefore never consented to the taxes. This was violation of the principle that people could not be taxed without their consent.

The American Revolution SECTION 5 The American Revolution

The American Revolution SECTION 5 The American Revolution Patriots 'Whigs', 'Congress-men', or 'Americans' included a full range of social and economic classes, but all agreed to the need to defend the rights of Americans Loyalists "Tories", or "King's men" about 15-20% of the population remained loyal to the British Crown typically older, less willing to break with old loyalties, often connected to the Church of England, and included many established merchants with business connections across the Empire, as well as royal officials

The American Revolution SECTION 5 The American Revolution The Patriots take action …. Met in Philadelphia in 1774 (First Continental Congress) and demanded full rights of British citizens Agreed to meet the next year …

The “shot heard 'round the world" -- Lexington & Concord SECTION 5 The American Revolution By April 1775 British Troops felt threatened by colonists so they tried to seize colonists’ guns & powder – The “shot heard 'round the world" -- Lexington & Concord

The American Revolution SECTION 5 The American Revolution Second Continental Congress May 1775 Philadelphia The colonies prepare for war.

The American Revolution SECTION 5 The American Revolution Thomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence

The American Revolution SECTION 5 The American Revolution Philadelphia Convention 1787 James Madison and Alexander Hamilton from the outset wanted to create a new government rather than "fix" the existing one. The result was the Constitution of the United States.

The Constitution The American Revolution SECTION 5 The American Revolution The Constitution Federal system dividing power between a strong central gov’t and the states Three branches in central gov’t Ratified 1789 Bill of Rights added in 1791

Effects of American Independence SECTION 5 The American Revolution Effects of American Independence Major event in world history Democratic gov’t was a radical idea at the time Restricted voting to males and property owners How are the ideals of the Enlightenment reflected in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution?

The American Revolution SECTION 5 The American Revolution Now, let’s look at today’s bellringer … What British policies were implemented in the mid-1700s, and how did the American colonists react to them?