Promising Practices in Criminal Justice Reform Council of State Government June 2017 Presentation by Steve Allen, CSG

Most people in the justice system have multiple risks and needs Objective Public Safety Public Health Risk Recidivism Violence Relapse Decompensation Needs Criminal Thinking* Associates Drugs & Alcohol Family & Relationships Work/School Lifestyle Substance Abuse Mental Illness Co-occurring Physical health Can’t simply focus on CJ or BH. Both are present and interact. System level and individual level interventions need to incorporate both in an integrated way *Most predictive Council of State Governments Justice Center

People with behavioral health conditions are over-represented in criminal justice systems In the U.S. General Population: In the U.S. State Prison Population: 9% Meet criteria for substance use disorders 53% Meet criteria for Substance Abuse Disorders 56% Meet criteria for Mental Health Problem 16% Meet criteria For mental illness People with BH disorders are over-represented in CJ systems at rates 3-5 times general population 5% Meet criteria for serious mental illness 17% Meet criteria for serious mental illness On average, female inmates have a higher prevalence of MH and SU Disorders than male offenders Source: Doris James and Lauren Glaze. “Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates”. September 2006. Office of Justice Programs http://gainscenter.samhsa.gov/pdfs/disorders/gainsjailprev.pdf

Risk and Treatment Assessment Properly assessing risks and needs helps appropriately match people to the right types of interventions Risk and Treatment Assessment Risk, need and responsivity principles work by individually matching an individual’s risk of recidivism and criminogenic need factors to programs and treatment. When tailored programs and treatment are combined with community supervision, they are effective in reducing recidivism. MOD/ HIGH RISK LOW RISK Low to High Treatment Needs Low to High Treatment Needs Standard Supervision Enhanced Supervision Standard Treatment Enhanced Treatment Jordan M. Hyatt, JD PhD and Geoffrey C. Barnes, PhD, Evidence Based Practices (EBP) & Workload Analysis: Survey Results, April 2015

To reduce recidivism, approaches must address the need areas that drive criminal behavior Addressing just one need is insufficient to change behavior Programs must be based on proven curricula or principles of effective intervention Programs must have high integrity Addressing only one criminogenic factor has significantly less of an impact than addressing multiple factors Evidenced-based practices significantly reduce recidivism, while outdated punitive approaches can increase negative results Program integrity is how closely a program aligns with best practice standards (fidelity to the model). Program integrity score Reduced Recidivism Increased Recidivism Cognitive-behavioral with graduated skills practice Increased Recidivism Targeting 1 Need Targeting 3+ Needs Punishment oriented 14% 22% - 51% Level of Recidivism Reduction Reduced Recidivism Andrews and Bonta, The Psychology of Criminal Conduct, 5th ed. (New Providence, NJ: Mathew and Bender & Company, Inc., 2010); Lowenkamp, Latessa, and Holsinger, “The Risk Principle in Action: What Have We Learned from 13,676 Offenders and 97 Correctional Programs?” Crime and Delinquency 52, no. 1 (2006): 77-93.

Adherence to RNR principles is especially important to the effectiveness of community supervision as a recidivism reduction strategy EFFECT SIZE OF DIFFERENT SUPERVISION PROGRAMS ON RECIDIVISM REDUCTION AS DETERMINED BY INVENTORY OF EVIDENCE-BASED AND RESEARCH-BASED PROGRAMS FOR ADULT CORRECTIONS AS OF DECEMBER 2013 Characteristics of Intensive Supervision Programs Surveillance focus One size fits all approach Contact frequency as a key performance measure for officers Use of incarceration as primary sanction Proportionality of sanctions not prioritized Little consideration of criminogenic “needs” ($7,646) Benefits Minus Cost Intensive Supervision Program Only Intensive Supervision Program + Treatment $3,728 Benefits Minus Cost Characteristics of RNR Supervision Assessing risk/needs Focusing on higher risk parolees Balancing supervision and treatment Using incentives and rewards Involving offenders in process Responding to violations in swift and consistent manner High quality CBI programming $12,121 Benefits Minus Cost Risk Needs Responsivity Supervision Increased Recidivism Reduction Washington State Institute for Public Policy. Benefit Cost Results: Adult Criminal Justice System. June 2016. http://wsipp.wa.gov/BenefitCost?topicId=2

Specialized Supervision IDEAL ARRAY OF CARE Medicaid Reimbursable Not Medicaid Reimbursable Providing funding and engaging community providers in collaborative and evidence-based interventions can reduce incarceration for people with behavioral health needs More diversions from incarceration Intensive Outpatient Treatment Certified Peer Supports Case Management Specialized Supervision Supported Housing Aftercare Correctional Programming Self-Help Groups ARRAY OF COMMUNITY INTERVENTIONS AND SUPPORTS Funding Fewer supervision failures Network of Providers

https://csgjusticecenter.org/jr/ For more promising practices from around the country, visit the CSG website: https://csgjusticecenter.org/jr/