Session:1 Liquid Waste Management Training Programme on “Water Supply, Sewerage and Septage Management and Drainage” 6 – 7 December 2016 Venue: RCUES, Lucknow

Question?? Sanitation What is

Word Cloud for Sanitation Hygienic sanitation facilities are crucial for public health. Since 1990, the number of people gaining access to improved sanitation has risen from 54% to 68% but some 2.4 billion people still do not have toilets or covered latrines. In 2010, the UN General Assembly recognized access to safe and clean drinking-water and sanitation as a human right, and called for international efforts to help countries to provide safe, clean, accessible and affordable drinking-water and sanitation. Despite progress, the 2015 Millennium Development Goal target to halve the proportion of the population without access to improved sanitation facilities was missed by almost 700 million people.

Definition of Sanitation According to the WHO, 2015 (World Health Organization), Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.

The F-Diagram

Key facts on Sanitation Nearly one third of the current global population has gained access to an improved sanitation facility since 1990, with 2.1 billion people. 2.4 billion people still do not have basic sanitation facilities such as toilets or latrines. Of these, 946 million still defecate in the open, for example in street gutters, behind bushes or into open bodies of water.

Sanitation and Health Some 842,000 people in low and middle-income countries die as a result of inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene each year, representing 58% of total diarrhoeal deaths. Poor sanitation is believed to be the main cause in some 280,000 of these deaths. At least 10% of the world’s population is thought to consume food irrigated by wastewater. Poor sanitation is linked to transmission of diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid and polio. Poor sanitation also contributes to malnutrition.

Sanitation and Health Diarrhoea remains a major killer but is largely preventable. Better water, sanitation and hygiene could prevent the deaths of 361,000 children aged under 5 each year. Open defecation perpetuates a vicious cycle of disease and poverty. The countries where open defection is most widespread have the highest number of deaths of under–5s as well as the highest levels of malnutrition and poverty, and big disparities of wealth.

Trends of Total Sanitation

Steps to Sustainable Sanitation Prevent disease Protect water supplies Sustainable Sanitation Protect the environment Be simple and affordable In any community — and even in a single household — there may be several sanitation methods in use at one time. Some people may want to change the way they take care of their sanitation needs, while others may not. Whether it means building a new kind of toilet, helping to meet the needs of those without access to safe toilets, or some other kind of change, almost every sanitation method can be improved. Small, step-by-step changes are easier than big changes all at once. Examples of small changes that can have a big impact on health, safety, and comfort are: • keeping wash water and soap near the toilet • adding a vent to a pit toilet • adding a hard, durable platform to an open pit When planning or making changes in household or community sanitation, keep in mind that every sanitation method should do these things: • Prevent disease – it should keep disease-carrying waste and insects away from people, both at the site of the toilet and in nearby homes. • Protect water supplies – it should not pollute drinking water, surface water, or groundwater. • Protect the environment – ecological sanitation can prevent pollution, return nutrients to the soil, and conserve water. • Be simple and affordable – it should fit local people’s needs and abilities, and be easy to clean and maintain. • Be culturally acceptable – it should fit local customs, beliefs, and desires. • Work for everyone – it should address the health needs of children and adults, of women and men. Be culturally acceptable Work for everyone

Components of Sanitation

Solid waste management Waste handling Separation & processing Collection The municipal solid waste industry has four components: recycling, composting, disposal, and waste-to-energy via incineration. There is no single approach that can be applied to the management of all waste streams, therefore the Environmental Protection Agency, federal agency of the United States of America, developed a hierarchy ranking strategy for municipal solid waste. The Waste Management Hierarchy is made up of four levels ordered from most preferred to least preferred methods based on their environmental soundness: Source reduction and reuse; recycling or composting; energy recovery; treatment and disposal. Waste handling Waste handling activities associated with waste management until the waste is placed in storage containers for collection. Handling also encompasses the movement of loaded containers to the point of collection. Separating different types of waste components is an important step in the handling and storage of solid waste at the source. Collection The functional element of collection includes not only the gathering of solid waste and recyclable materials, but also the transport of these materials, after collection, to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied. This location may be a materials processing facility, a transfer station or a landfill disposal site. Separation & processing The types of means and facilities that are now used for the recovery of waste materials that have been separated at the source include curbside ('kerbside' in the UK) collection, drop-off and buy-back centers. The separation & processing of wastes that have been separated at the source and the separation of commingled wastes usually occur at a materials recovery facility, transfer stations, combustion facilities and disposal sites. Transport This element involves two main steps. First, the waste is transferred from a smaller collection vehicle to larger transport equipment. The waste is then transported, usually over long distances, to a processing or disposal site. Disposal Today, the disposal of wastes by land filling or land spreading is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are residential wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site, residual materials from materials recovery facilities (MRFs), residue from the combustion of solid waste, compost, or other substances from various solid waste processing facilities. A modern sanitary landfill is not a dump; it is an engineered facility used for disposing of solid wastes on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, such as the problems of insects and the contamination of ground water. Energy generation Municipal solid waste can be used to generate energy. Several technologies have been developed that make the processing of MSW for energy generation cleaner and more economical than ever before, including landfill gas capture, combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, and plasma arc gasification. While older waste incineration plants emitted high levels of pollutants, recent regulatory changes and new technologies have significantly reduced this concern. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations in 1995 and 2000 under the Clean Air Act have succeeded in reducing emissions of dioxins from waste-to-energy facilities by more than 99 percent below 1990 levels, while mercury emissions have been by over 90 percent. The EPA noted these improvements in 2003, citing waste-to-energy as a power source "with less environmental impact than almost any other source of electricity". Energy generation Disposal Transport

Sources of Liquid waste Commercial waste Wastewater Industrial waste Liquid Waste Definition Bulk liquids are not suitable for disposal to any class of landfill because they: - increase the volume of leachate generated and requiring treatment and/or disposal; - can result in increased odour nuisance; can reduce the stability of the refuse mass under certain conditions. The prohibition of liquid waste requires an appropriate definition and practical test to enable clear, consistent and unequivocal determination of whether or not a waste is suitable for disposal. The following definition of liquid waste is recommended, as it provides a consistent means of determining whether or not a waste is non-liquid and therefore whether it is acceptable for landfill disposal. For waste to be considered non-liquid it must meet the following requirements: - a solids content of at least 20% and liberate no free liquids when transported; or no free liquids when tested in accordance with the US EPA Paint Filter Liquids Test (US EPA Method 9095A 1996) and liberate no free liquids when transported. Industrial sewage is the used water from manufacturing processes, usually carrying a variety of chemical compounds. Storm sewage, or storm water, is the surface run off caused by rainfall, it carries organics, suspended and dissolved solids, and other substances picked up as it travels over the ground. Wastewater/sewage composition Sanitary or domestic wastewater comprises about 99.9% water and only about 0.1% impurities. In other words, if a 1-liter sample of wastewater is allowed to evaporate, only about 1gram of solids will remain behind. Actually, sewage can contain so many different substances, both suspended and dissolved, that it is impractical to attempt to identify each specific substances or microorganism. The total amount of organic materials is related to the strength of the sewage. This is measured by the biological oxygen demand, or BOD and the total amount of suspended solids, or TSS. On the average, untreated domestic sanitary sewage has a BOD of about 200 mg/L and a TSS of about 240 mg/L. Industrial wastewater may have BOD and TSS values much higher than those for sanitary sewage; its composition is source dependent. Another group of impurities that is typically of major significance in wastewater is the plant nutrients. Specifically, these are compounds of nitrogen, N, and phosphorus, P. On the average, raw sanitary sewage contains about 35 mg/L of N and 10 mg/L of P. Finally, the amount of pathogens in the wastewater is expected to be proportional to the concentration of fecal coliform bacteria. The coliform concentration in raw sanitary sewage is roughly 1 billion per liter. Agricultural runoff Domestic waste Urban runoff

BROWN WATER 50 litres/person/year FLUSH WATER GREY WATER 70,000 litres/person/year YELLOW WATER 500 litres/person/year ©dorainarayana

Wastewater Streams from Household Pathogens, Organic material

GREY WATER MANAGEMENT

Grey Water Treatment To… maintain a clean environment prevent diseases ensure economic development provide fair living conditions

Grey Water Treatment Approaches Centralised Wastewater Management Decentralised Wastewater Management

Centralized Treatment

Treatment Methods Physical Treatment Methods Sedimentation Screening … Chemical Treatment Methods Coagulation Chemical Precipitation Biological Treatment Methods Aerobic Treatment Anaerobic Degradation Anoxic Processes

Centralised Treatment Technologies Screening (Removal of large/ lighter solids ) Sedimentation (Removal of heavy solids ) Aerobic Digestion with Post sedimentation (Removal of more degradable organics) Anaerobic Digestion (Removal of degradable organics) Modification Filtration (Removal Dissolved solids) Disinfection (Removal Pathogens)

Decentralised Wastewater Treatment

Introduction to DEWATS Approach DEWATS is an approach rather than a technical hardware package Different treatment methods can count as DEWATS. DEWATS is characterized by: no use of electricity & no use of mechanical equipment (i.e. moving parts) Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS) is an approach that is based on a set of treatment principles to provide treatment for wastewater flows ranging from 1 – 1000 cubic metre per day from both domestic and industrial sources. DEWATS is based on the treatment methods of sedimentation, activated sludge treatment, and aeration and filtration. In recent years, decentralised wastewater treatment systems have emerged as a highly cost effective and high performing treatment approach. Advantages include ….   DEWATS consisting of septic tank – ABR – AF – PGF – pond (not true to scale) DEWATS systems are effective, reliable, cost efficient and custom-made wastewater treatment systems which are perfectly suited for small to medium-size systems (5-1000m3/d) on community level and for individual users like e.g. schools, hospitals, or enterprises (SME). However, DEWATS solutions are not intended to replace but rather to complement centralised systems in applicable areas. On community level, DEWATS can be integrated into a sanitation complex which is operated on pay-and-use basis, creating income opportunities for local personal (Community Based Sanitation, CBS). Decentralisation Simplification Conservation/Reuse

DEWATSTM Technology … incorporates following attributes Treatment for organic wastewater from domestic and industrial sources Affordable prices Fulfillment of discharge standards Treatment of wastewater flows from 1-1000 m3/d Tolerance to inflow fluctuation No dependence on external energy Minimal maintenance Reliability and long-lasting Reuse of wastewater and its contents ppts from folder Presentations-General induction From Decentralised, next step- what is sustainable and workable in this context, highlights of the technology

BLACK WATER TREATMENT

What is Black water/ Faecal Sludge? 1. Sludge that comes out of on-site containment systems such as septic tanks, pits, etc. which are not connected to networked sewer systems. It is raw, partially digested semi-solid slurry that has been contained over a period of time, the source of which is human excreta or black water.

What is Faecal Sludge Management? Faecal sludge management is a systems approach towards building a sustainable and environmentally safe infrastructure for all components across the sanitation value chain of non networked households.

On-site sanitation systems Storage facilities present within the plot or in its immediate surroundings – contain Septage/Faecal Sludge Housing Colony Single House Layouts P Institutions

Septic tank is full….? Call Manual Scavengers Call Municipality Call Private Vehicle

Cleaning of on-site systems Desludging Trucks Manual Emptying

Faecal sludge disposal Improper disposal of faecal sludge Faecal sludge

Environment and Health Vacant lands Water Bodies

Glimpses

Any further questions? … Thank You!