John Calvin The most important Protestant reformer to follow Martin Luther was John Calvin. Calvin followed most of the teachings of Martin Luther. He also preached predestination, the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation. In 1541, Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva. A theocracy is a government run by Church leaders. By the late 1500s, Calvinism had taken root in Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland. In several of these countries, Calvinists faced opposition and persecution from other religious groups.

Other Reformations Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland Theocracy A government in which church and state are joined and in which officials are considered to be divinely inspired. Luther did not support him (Tampering with God) John Calvin in Switzerland Predestination God knows who will be saved, even before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined fore salvation. John Knox in Scotland Laid grounds for Presbyterian Church

Radical Reformers As the Reformation continued, hundreds of new Protestant sects sprang up. These sects often had ideas that were even more radical than those of Luther and Calvin.

Anabaptists One radical group, the Anabaptists, rejected infant baptism. Some Anabaptists wanted to abolish private property. Others wanted use violence to speed up judgment day. Most called for religious tolerance and separation of Church and state.

In England, the Reformation began with the King! King Henry VIII The king who had six wives… He wants a SON! King Henry’s older brother Arthur (named after the famous tale King Author and the Knights of the Round Table) dies… Author was married to Catherine of Argon (from Spain) before she married Henry. This becomes the grounds for his annulment (because Catherine can’t produce a son). She does however give birth to a daughter named Mary. She later becomes a queen of England and restores the Catholic Church! History knows her as Bloody Mary. Catherine of Aragon, Henry's first wife.  Catherine, a Princess of Spain, was married to Henry for many years.  Her determination to stay married to Henry, in the face of his desire for Anne Boleyn, would change the course of history forever. Anne Boleyn, Henry's second wife, and the mother of Queen Elizabeth I.  Henry fell passionately in love with Anne while married to Catherine of Aragon.  He waited several years to marry Anne, but, ironically, lost his desire for her once she became his Queen. Jane Seymour, Henry's beloved third Queen.  Gentle, capable Jane gave Henry his long-awaited male heir after one year of marriage.  Sadly, she gave her life to do so. Anne of Cleves, Henry's fourth wife.  This German princess served as Queen for only a few months before she and Henry agreed to divorce by mutual consent. Katherine Howard, Henry's fifth wife.  Henry's marriage to this sensuous teenager brought him brief happiness, but ended in tragedy.  Katherine Parr, Henry's sixth Queen.  This intelligent, loyal, forward-thinking Renaissance woman outlived three husbands, including Henry, and went on to finally marry the man of her choice.

Catherine of Aragon, Henry's first wife Catherine of Aragon, Henry's first wife.  Catherine, a Princess of Spain, was married to Henry for many years.  Her determination to stay married to Henry, in the face of his desire for Anne Boleyn, would change the course of history forever. Anne Boleyn, Henry's second wife, and the mother of Queen Elizabeth I.  Henry fell passionately in love with Anne while married to Catherine of Aragon.  He waited several years to marry Anne, but, ironically, lost his desire for her once she became his Queen. Jane Seymour, Henry's beloved third Queen.  Gentle, capable Jane gave Henry his long-awaited male heir after one year of marriage.  Sadly, she gave her life to do so. Anne of Cleves, Henry's fourth wife.  This German princess served as Queen for only a few months before she and Henry agreed to divorce by mutual consent. Katherine Howard, Henry's fifth wife.  Henry's marriage to this sensuous teenager brought him brief happiness, but ended in tragedy.  Katherine Parr, Henry's sixth Queen.  This intelligent, loyal, forward-thinking Renaissance woman outlived three husbands, including Henry, and went on to finally marry the man of her choice.

Protestantism Spreads to England 1509 – Henry VIII becomes king at the age of 17 Devout Catholic Protested against Luther’s idea Became the title “Defender of the Faith” By 1525 – only had 1 child – daughter Mary Wanted a male heir Fell in love with Anne Boleyn Wanted marriage to Catherine annulled Pope says no (Charles V is Catherine’s nephew) doesn’t want to upset him

The Reformation in England Taking over the Church Henry is angry over this and takes control of the church himself Names Thomas Cranmer new archbishop who annuls his marriage to Catherine Church of England Henry changed rituals of church very little Many Catholics are upsets Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed much of land to nobles and Anglican Church (His Church) This built more public support for split from Catholic Church Has a daughter Elizabeth with Anne Makes himself the “Supreme Head of Church of England” After Henry VIII Third wife, Jane Seymour gave England male heir, Edward VI 1547, Edward VI took throne, age 9 Protestantism gained more ground under guidance of his guardians Edward died young; sister, Mary became queen of England

After Edward VI Queen Mary I or “Bloody Mary” Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of Aragon Reestablished the Catholic Church in England. She killed many protestants and had approximately 300 heretics burned at the stake Queen Elizabeth I (Ends the House of Tudor) Wants to stabilize England (1547 – 1558: 3 rulers with three different ideas) Raised Protestant 1559 – Supremacy Act. Split England from Rome, but she didn’t make herself head of church