The Reunification and Revival of Post-Classical China Chapter Twelve AP World History Ms. Tully

Quick Review of Chinese History Xia, Shang, Zhou Dynasties Era of Warring States Qin Dynasty Han Dynasty Three Kingdoms Period (Northern Qi; Northern Zhou; Chen)

Sui Dynasty (589-618) Return to strong dynastic control in China Wendi, Northern Zhou Emperor Widespread popularity Buddhist; expands Buddhism

Sui Collapse Yangdi, Son of Wendi Milder legal code, supports Confucian education Scholar-gentry reestablished Expensive building projects & excessive luxury 611-614: Attack Korea  failure 618: Assassinated by own ministers

Grand Canal Canal system built by Sui & Tang Build to accommodate population shift and transportation of goods and revenue Millet in North, Rice in South 1100 miles long 1 million forced laborers

Tang Dynasty (618-907) Li Yuan, Duke of Tang  Emperor Gauzo of Tang Used armies to unite China  Assimilation of Turkic nomads Expands empire into Tibet, Vietnam, Manchuria, Korea Great Wall repaired and strengthened

Tang Dynasty at greatest extent

Rebuilding the Bureaucracy Bureaucracy collapsed with Han dynasty Goal #1: Revive scholar-gentry (bureaucrats) Goal #2: Rework Confucian ideology Levels of political control needed from Imperial palace to small district Executive department w/ 6 ministries Bureau of Censors New capital  Chang’an

The Growing Importance of the Examination System Examination system expanded  # of educated scholars rises Ministry of Rites established to administer exams Jinshi: those who passed the most difficult/highest exams Special social privileges emerge Entrance into bureaucracy still exclusive

State and Religion in the Tang Buddhism had grown in popularity during Six Dynasties Era Mahayana Buddhism Chan (Zen) Buddhism Early tang supported Buddhism; Empress Wu (690-705)

Anti-Buddhist Backlash Buddhist success leads to criticism by Confucians Tang lost revenue and labor power 841-847: Persecution under Emperor Wuzong Confucianism emerges as the central ideology; Buddhism is weakened

Tang Decline 8th C: Signs of decline Emperor Xuanzong (713- 756) Yang Guifei  royal concubine of Xuanzong 755: An Lishan Rebellion 907: last Tang emperor resigns

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period 907-960 Five Dynasties in Northern China succeeded one another rapidly Later Liang Later Tang Later Jin Later Han Later Zhou (General Zhao Kuangyin conquers other kingdoms and unifies China) Ten Kingdoms in Southern China existed concurrently and controlled their own territory Wu Former Shu Wuyue Later Shu Min Jingan Chu Southern Tang Southern Han Northern Han

Song Dynasty (960-1279) Northern Song: 960-1127 Southern Song: 1127-1279 960: General Zhao Kuangyin (Emperor Taizu) founds Song Dynasty Could not defeat northern Liao dynasty in Manchuria Not as politically or militarily as powerful as Tang dynasty Continued growth of bureaucracy

Neo-Confucians Revivers of pure Confucian thought and teachings Importance of philosophy in everyday life; stress personal morality Hostility to foreign ideas Emphasis on tradition: gender, class, age distinctions reinforced Became dominant interpretation of Confucianism

Attempts at Reform & Southern Song Dynasty Increase in tribute to nomadic tribes Large military an increasing burden Wang Anshi (1070s – 1080s)  introduces reforms Agricultural expansion; landlords/scholars-gentry taxed Bureaucratic reforms  analytical thinking over memorization 1085: Emperor Shenzong dies; reforms reversed by neo- Confucians and new emperor 1115: Jin Kingdom founded north of Song Empire Song flee to south  new capital at Hangzhou

A New Phase of Commercial Expansion Canal systems + Silk Roads = commercial expansion booming! Commerce expands in cities and trading towns Urban growth; Chang’an capital w/ 2 million ppl

Silk Roads & Indian Ocean Trade Tribal societies drawn to riches of Silk Road  raided traders Chinese rulers protect trade and travelers on Silk Roads  urban development Increase in ocean trade  Chinese Junks Established market network along Indian ocean coast  rival Arabs for control

Expanding Agrarian Production Economy stimulated by advances in farming Tang and Song rulers try to promote agricultural production and peasants Canals help transport produce quickly Breakup of aristocratic estates  divided up among peasantry

Family in the Tang-Song Era Male-dominated and respect for elders supported by Neo- Confucians Elite women have broader opportunities Arranged marriages Divorce widely available if both husband and wife consent Neo-Confucian greatly reduce role of women in late Song period  confinement, repression

Foot-Binding Symbol of subordination Begin binding feet at 2-5 y/o Ideal length: 3 inches Considered highly attractive and erotic by men Dies out by early 20th C

Cultural Achievements Renaissance of Chinese poetry & painting  nature theme Scholars are now cultural producers Paper techniques refined  development of moveable type in 1041 Gunpowder & fireworks (9th C) Abacus, wheelbarrow