Fundus Image Enhancement and Glaucoma Detection Presented by: Saleha Masood

Abstract In this research a novel technique for fundus image enhancement and glaucoma detection will be presented The proposed method is consist of 4 processes i.e. image enhancement, optic disk segmentation, optic cup segmentation and cup to disk ratio to identify the presence of glaucoma.

Agenda Introduction Literature Review Proposed Methodology Conclusion and Further Work References

Introduction Glaucoma is considered as one of the most common reasons of blindness. Glaucoma is the name for a group of diseases that can lead to damage of the eyes optic nerve and result in blindness. Glaucoma also refers to the intraocular pressure The presence of various retinal lesions such as exudates, micro aneurysms, hemorrhages, blood vessels and low contrast of fundus images makes it difficult for the accurate detection of optic disk boundary.

Overview of Glaucoma Disease Pressure in Eye Why can increased Eye pressure be serious? Who gets glaucoma Symptoms of glaucoma How is glaucoma diagnosed? Glaucoma types Prevention of glaucoma

Pressure in Eye Pressure in eye is something different from the blood pressure. The main cause of this pressure is a fluid named aqueous humour which nourishes certain tissues within eye. As a result, this fluid circulates in the direction of front of eye. When the amount of fluid that is draining away becomes almost equal to the amount of fluid that is produced in the eye then it is considered as a normal eye pressure. The eye pressure increases as the fluid that is produced gets greater in amount or the fluid that is produced is not able to drain away

Why can increased Eye pressure be serious? It is a serious problem for optic nerve when it comes under too much pressure. The amount of pressure that exists in the eye, its existing duration in the eye, blood supply and strength of optic nerve can determine the amount of damage it can cause to the optic nerve. If the pressure has increased to a higher level, an immediate damage will take place to the optic nerve. In case of low pressure, the damage will take place gradually

Who gets glaucoma Who Gets Glaucoma Have diabetes Have deprived vision Take definite drugs steroid To have Family history Are above age 40. Are of African origin

Symptoms of glaucoma In majority of cases, glaucoma comes with no or few symptoms. A very initial symptom in this regard is basically loss of side vision. This symptom is least noticeable but continuous with the disease till later stages. In order to be cautious about this disease, one must have a complete eye checkup every year. In such a case, unexpected eye discomfort, headache, distorted vision or the arrival of halos nearby lights may take place

Symptoms of glaucoma

How is glaucoma diagnosed? To identify glaucoma, an eye specialist will examine the eyes expanded pupils. The eye assessment usually emphasizes on the examination of optic nerve that has a significant role in glaucoma disease. In fact, snapshots of optic nerve might also be supportive for glaucoma detection with the passage of time because the optic nerve appearance changes as glaucoma progresses

Glaucoma types

Prevention of glaucoma Preventing glaucoma once it is occurred is not possible but it can be controlled by diagnosing it in its early stages and taking proper treatment.  

Literature Review

Problem Statement This research addresses the problem of enhancing contrast of fundus images to segment out the optic disk and optic cup for the identification of eye blindness disease “glaucoma”. The method will handle the problem of diagnosing and enhancing the contrast of fundus images by overcoming the problem of blood vessels presence to segment optic disk and cup for detecting this disease. The focus of this research will be to deal with the poor quality of fundus images and to accurately detect optic disk and cup for the disease identification.

Proposed Ideas

Fundus Image

Introduction The proposed method has 4 main stages i.e. image enhancement, optic disk segmentation, optic cup segmentation and lastly cup to disk ratio (CDR) to identity the glaucoma disease if present. The preprocessing stage is the enhancement section can makes use of HSV color space. The second step will be to segment out the optic disk region After segmenting the optic disk region, optic cup will be extracted . Lastly the number of pixels in the segmented cup and disk will be calculated in order to calculate cup to disk ratio. If the CDR value is above 0.3 the fundus image is classified as glaucoma affected eye and if CDR value is less than 0.3 then it is classified as a healthy fundus image.

Block Diagram Input Fundus image Image Enhancement Optic disk segmentation Cup to disk ratio (CDR) Optic cup segmentation If CDR >=0.3 Glaucoma affected image Yes No Healthy Fundus image

Areas of Research 1) Image Quality: Based on my research in the domain of Glaucoma Eye Disease, several areas for future enquiry have been identified: 1) Image Quality: As fundus images are usually of low contrast accurate detection of optic disk and optic cup is a challenging task or in other words difficult task. In majority of cases, the image lighting artifacts affects the segmentation performance which needs to be considered as a problem to be solved. There are many cases where exudates resides close to the optic disk, which results in single region encompassing both a true lesion and optic disc. Another prospective in this domain is image quality in elderly. As this group is at most risk so raw image quality must be improved to the extent that glaucoma can be diagnosed accurately .

Areas of Research 2) Cup to Disk Ratio: As there are different stages in glaucoma disease, Rim to disk ratio will be a better approach in the diagnosis of glaucoma stage. The research can also be extended to examine other retina based diseases like hypertensive retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration and macular edema . Accurate detection of optic disk and optic cup: Effective diagnosis of disease is possible only if the corresponding required feature are segmented accurately. One of the most common way to diagnose this disease is Cup to Disk Ratio (CDR). In order to apply this approach on needs to accurately segment out the region of optic disk and optic Cup.

Areas of Research: Statistical Shape Analysis: Diagnosis of Glaucoma disease can be handled effectively if the shape of optic disk, optic cup, rim areas and other textural retinal features is analyzed. As if the topographic data’s wealth is decreased by rim area or other such retinal variables it will result in waste of useful information. As a result statistics analysis of these retinal features shapes can be effective to diagnose the dilemma present in the retinal area. Statistical shape examination has a prospective to provide such useful information in an automated way that can effectively help in the diagnosis of glaucoma disease .

Conclusion and Recommendation If the required features are segmented accurately it will result in accurate detection of the disease together with the identification of disease stage or the damage which has already taken place. Future Work: In the future work the other parameters calculation of vertical CDR, optic fiber nerve, neuro-retinal area or rim width of the neuro-retinal region can be used to calculate more progression of glaucoma in terms of cup enlargement. 3-D reconstruction approaches can be used in order to figure out the depth of glaucoma progression.