WORLD HISTORY SPRING SEMESTER REVIEW Follow the PowerPoint and answer the questions in the review packet

Chinese Emperor Kangxi returned China to isolationism, cutting themselves off from trade and contact with outsiders Text Manchus Found the Qing Dynasty By 1600, the Ming had ruled for more than 200 years, and the dynasty was weakening. Its problems grew—ineffective rulers, corrupt officials, and a government that was out of money. Higher taxes and bad harvests pushed millions of peasants toward starvation. Civil strife and rebellion followed. Northeast of the Great Wall lay Manchuria. In 1644, the Manchus (MAN•chooz), the people of that region, invaded China and the Ming dynasty collapsed. The Manchus seized Beijing, and their leader became China’s new emperor. As the Mongols had done in the 1300s, the Manchus took a Chinese name for their dynasty, the Qing (chihng) dynasty. They would rule for more than 260 years and expand China’s borders to include Taiwan, Chinese Central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet. Many Chinese resisted rule by the non-Chinese Manchus. Rebellions flared up periodically for decades. The Manchus, however, slowly earned the people’s respect. They upheld China’s traditional Confucian beliefs and social structures. They made the country’s frontiers safe and restored China’s prosperity. Two powerful Manchu rulers contributed greatly to the acceptance of the new dynasty. The first, Kangxi (kahng•shee), became emperor in 1661 and ruled for some 60 years. He reduced government expenses and lowered taxes. A scholar and patron of the arts, Kangxi gained the support of intellectuals by offering them government positions. He also enjoyed the company of the Jesuits at court. They told him about developments in science, medicine, and mathematics in Europe. Under his grandson Qian-long (chyahn•lung), who ruled from 1736 to 1795, China reached its greatest size and prosperity. An industrious emperor like his grandfather, Qian-long often rose at dawn to work on the empire’s problems. These included armed nomads on its borders and the expanding presence of European missionaries and merchants in China. China Under the Qing Manchus Continue Chinese Isolation To the Chinese, their country—called the Middle Kingdom—had been the cultural center of the universe for 2,000 years. If foreign states wished to trade with China, they would have to follow Chinese rules. These rules included trading only at special ports and paying tribute. The Dutch were masters of the Indian Ocean trade by the time of Qian-long. They accepted China’s restrictions. Their diplomats paid tribute to the emperor through gifts and by performing the required “kowtow” ritual. This ritual involved kneeling in front of the emperor and touching one’s head to the ground nine times. As a result, the Chinese accepted the Dutch as trading partners. The Dutch returned home with traditional porcelains and silk, as well as a new trade item, tea. By 1800, tea would make up 80 percent of shipments to Europe. Great Britain also wanted to increase trade with China. But the British did not like China’s trade restrictions. In 1793, Lord George Macartney delivered a letter from King George III to Qian-long. It asked for a better trade arrangement, including Chinese acceptance of British manufactured goods. Macartney refused to kowtow, and Qian-long denied Britain’s request. In the 1800s, the British, Dutch, and others would attempt to chip away at China’s trade restrictions until the empire itself began to crack

The introduction of new American crops like corn and potatoes led to a dramatic increase in the Chinese population Manchus Found the Qing Dynasty By 1600, the Ming had ruled for more than 200 years, and the dynasty was weakening. Its problems grew—ineffective rulers, corrupt officials, and a government that was out of money. Higher taxes and bad harvests pushed millions of peasants toward starvation. Civil strife and rebellion followed. Northeast of the Great Wall lay Manchuria. In 1644, the Manchus (MAN•chooz), the people of that region, invaded China and the Ming dynasty collapsed. The Manchus seized Beijing, and their leader became China’s new emperor. As the Mongols had done in the 1300s, the Manchus took a Chinese name for their dynasty, the Qing (chihng) dynasty. They would rule for more than 260 years and expand China’s borders to include Taiwan, Chinese Central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet. China Under the Qing Many Chinese resisted rule by the non-Chinese Manchus. Rebellions flared up periodically for decades. The Manchus, however, slowly earned the people’s respect. They upheld China’s traditional Confucian beliefs and social structures. They made the country’s frontiers safe and restored China’s prosperity. Two powerful Manchu rulers contributed greatly to the acceptance of the new dynasty. The first, Kangxi (kahng•shee), became emperor in 1661 and ruled for some 60 years. He reduced government expenses and lowered taxes. A scholar and patron of the arts, Kangxi gained the support of intellectuals by offering them government positions. He also enjoyed the company of the Jesuits at court. They told him about developments in science, medicine, and mathematics in Europe. Under his grandson Qian-long (chyahn•lung), who ruled from 1736 to 1795, China reached its greatest size and prosperity. An industrious emperor like his grandfather, Qian-long often rose at dawn to work on the empire’s problems. These included armed nomads on its borders and the expanding presence of European missionaries and merchants in China. Manchus Continue Chinese Isolation To the Chinese, their country—called the Middle Kingdom—had been the cultural center of the universe for 2,000 years. If foreign states wished to trade with China, they would have to follow Chinese rules. These rules included trading only at special ports and paying tribute. The Dutch were masters of the Indian Ocean trade by the time of Qian-long. They accepted China’s restrictions. Their diplomats paid tribute to the emperor through gifts and by performing the required “kowtow” ritual. This ritual involved kneeling in front of the emperor and touching one’s head to the ground nine times. As a result, the Chinese accepted the Dutch as trading partners. The Dutch returned home with traditional porcelains and silk, as well as a new trade item, tea. By 1800, tea would make up 80 percent of shipments to Europe. Great Britain also wanted to increase trade with China. But the British did not like China’s trade restrictions. In 1793, Lord George Macartney delivered a letter from King George III to Qian-long. It asked for a better trade arrangement, including Chinese acceptance of British manufactured goods. Macartney refused to kowtow, and Qian-long denied Britain’s request. In the 1800s, the British, Dutch, and others would attempt to chip away at China’s trade restrictions until the empire itself began to crack

Three powerful daimyo, known as the “Three Unifiers”, unified Japan and brought an end to feudalism Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa Shogunate Unites Japan One of Hideyoshi’s strongest daimyo allies, Tokugawa Ieyasu (toh•koo•gah•wah ee•yeh•yah•soo), completed the unification of Japan. In 1600, Ieyasu defeated his rivals at the Battle of Sekigahara. His victory earned him the loyalty of daimyo throughout Japan. Three years later, Ieyasu became the sole ruler, or shogun. He then moved Japan’s capital to his power base at Edo, a small fishing village that would later become the city of Tokyo. Japan was unified, but the daimyo still governed at the local level. To keep them from rebelling, Ieyasu required that they spend every other year in the capital. Even when they returned to their lands, they had to leave their families behind as hostages in Edo. Through this “alternate attendance policy” and other restrictions, Ieyasu tamed the daimyo. This was a major step toward restoring centralized government to Japan. As a result, the rule of law overcame the rule of the sword. Ieyasu founded the Tokugawa Shogunate, which would hold power until 1867. On his deathbed in 1616, Ieyasu advised his son, Hidetada, “Take care of the people. Strive to be virtuous. Never neglect to protect the country.” Most Tokugawa shoguns followed that advice. Their rule brought a welcome order to Japan. The final unifier of Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu, unlike the previous unifiers, was eventually named shogun and truly ruled Japan. He gained power after being named as a regent for Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s five-year old son. The next year, the most respected of the regents died and Ieyasu marched against the child heir at Osaka Castle. Eventually, Tokugawa Ieyasu, won control of Japan at the Battle of Sekigahara, which he killed or captured all of his opposition. He was named shogun in 1603 and ruled Japan until 1615 when he retired. In 1614, Tokugawa finally marched against the heir of Toyotomi Hideoyoshi, now twenty years old, at Osaka Castle. The seige lasted a year, resulting in the total destruction of the entire Toyotomi family.

From 1300 to 1700, three “Gunpowder Empires” dominated parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia The Safavid Empire (Iran) The Mughal Empire (India) The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Three of the great empires of history—the Ottomans in Turkey, the Safavids in Persia, and the Mughals in India—emerged in the Muslim world between the 14th and the 18th centuries. As powerful societies moved to expand their empires, Turkish, Persian, Mongol, and Arab ways of life blended. The result was a flowering of Islamic culture that peaked in the 16th century. The rulers of all three great Muslim empires of this era based their authority on Islam. They based their power on strong armies, advanced technology, and loyal administrative officers.

All three empires were able to conquer neighboring people by forming strong armies that used rifles and artillery; this gave them the nickname “Gunpowder Empires”

All three empires were Islamic and ruled by Muslim leaders

Ottoman rulers were called sultans and they governed with absolute power The greatest Ottoman sultan was Suleyman the Magnificent who came to power in 1520

Scene from a Turkish movie about Suleyman: the sultan has his son Mustafa strangled To maintain their power against rivals within their own families, sultans executed, blinded, and/or jailed their sons and brothers, which led to progressively weaker leaders as the most capable sons were eliminated

From 1700s to 1922, the Ottoman Empire grew weaker due to poor leadership By the outbreak of World War I, the Ottoman Empire was so weak and had lost so much of its territory it was nicknamed the “Sick Man of Europe”

Mughal leader Akbar created a religion called the Divine Faith, which was an example of syncretism because it blended ideas from Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism IMAGE: Mughal Emperor Akbar (r. 1556-1605) holds a religious assembly in the Ibadat Khana (House of Worship) in Fatehpur Sikri; the two men dressed in black are the Jesuit missionaries Rodolfo Acquaviva and Francisco Henriques illustration to the Akbarnama, miniature painting by Nar Singh, ca. 1605 Din–i–Ilahi or "divine faith," describes the religious teachings developed by the third emperor of the Mughal Empire, Akbar the Great, in the late–16th century. Akbar's teachings had their foundations in regular discussions at the Ibadat Khana, "The House of Worship," in Fatehpur Sikri, where he hosted religious leaders and theologians of various faiths, including Hindus, Muslims, Christians and Jains. Seeking a common ground among religions, his teachings synthesize ideas from multiple faiths, do not have a sacred scripture and include a form of sun–worship that reflects Hindu and Zoroastrian influences. Virtues of celibacy, kindness and piety are encouraged, and vices of lust and pride are condemned. Despite transcendent aims, Din–i–Ilahi centered primarily on Akbar as a divine personage and did not attract many followers outside the realm of Akbar's court.

The Rise of Absolute Monarchs Absolute monarchs believed in divine right, the idea that God created the monarchy and kings answered only to God, not the people

The Enlightenment The intellectuals of the Enlightenment were called philosophes; they shared some basic beliefs: (1) Truth could be discovered by using logic and reason (2) Everything could be explained by observing universal truths known as natural laws (3) Life should be enjoyed (4) People are born with natural rights (personal freedoms that protect liberty) The Philosophes Advocate Reason The Enlightenment reached its height in France in the mid-1700s. Paris became the meeting place for people who wanted to discuss politics and ideas. The social critics of this period in France were known as philosophes (FIHL•uh•SAHFS), the French word for philosophers. The philosophes believed that people could apply reason to all aspects of life, just as Isaac Newton had applied reason to science. Five concepts formed the core of their beliefs: Reason Enlightened thinkers believed truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking. 2. Nature The philosophes believed that what was natural was also good and reasonable. 3. Happiness The philosophes rejected the medieval notion that people should find joy in the hereafter and urged people to seek well-being on earth. 4. Progress The philosophes stressed that society and humankind could improve. 5. Liberty The philosophes called for the liberties that the English people had won in their Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights.

In 1799, Napoleon staged a coup d’etat (overthrow) of the French republic and assumed power as dictator

Napoleon made a series of reforms to taxes, laws, and education to improve France

When Napoleon was defeated in 1815, European leaders met at the Congress of Vienna to restore peace and bring stability back to Europe; these leaders wanted to restore kings’ power

Enlightenment ideas spread from Europe to South America, which led to creoles fighting for independence from Spain and other European rulers from 1780 to 1828 Even though they could not hold high public office, creoles were the least oppressed of those born in Latin America. They were also the best educated. In fact, many wealthy young creoles traveled to Europe for their education. In Europe, they read about and adopted Enlightenment ideas. When they returned to Latin America, they brought ideas of revolution with them. Napoleon’s conquest of Spain in 1808 triggered revolts in the Spanish colonies. Removing Spain’s King Ferdinand VII, Napoleon made his brother Joseph king of Spain. Many creoles might have supported a Spanish king. However, they felt no loyalty to a king imposed by the French. Creoles, recalling Locke’s idea of the consent of the governed, argued that when the real king was removed, power shifted to the people. In 1810, rebellion broke out in several parts of Latin America. The drive toward independence had begun. The South American wars of independence rested on the achievements of two brilliant creole generals. One was Simón Bolívar, a wealthy Venezuelan creole. The other great liberator was José de San Martín, an Argentinian. Bolívar’s Route to Victory Simón Bolívar’s native Venezuela declared its independence from Spain in 1811. But the struggle for independence had only begun. Bolívar’s volunteer army of revolutionaries suffered numerous defeats. Twice Bolívar had to go into exile. A turning point came in August 1819. Bolívar led over 2,000 soldiers on a daring march through the Andes into what is now Colombia. (See the 1830 map on page 685.) Coming from this direction, he took the Spanish army in Bogotá completely by surprise and won a decisive victory. By 1821, Bolívar had won Venezuela’s independence. He then marched south into Ecuador. In Ecuador, Bolívar finally met José de San Martín. Together they would decide the future of the Latin American revolutionary movement. San Martín Leads Southern Liberation Forces San Martín’s Argentina had declared its independence in 1816. However, Spanish forces in nearby Chile and Peru still posed a threat. In 1817, San Martín led an army on a grueling march across the Andes to Chile. He was joined there by forces led by Bernardo O’Higgins, son of a former viceroy of Peru. With O’Higgins’s help, San Martín finally freed Chile. In 1821, San Martín planned to drive the remaining Spanish forces out of Lima, Peru. But to do so, he needed a much larger force. San Martín and Bolívar discussed this problem when they met at Guayaquil, Ecuador, in 1822. No one knows how the two men reached an agreement. But San Martín left his army for Bolívar to command. With unified revolutionary forces, Bolívar’s army went on to defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho (Peru) on December 9, 1824. In this last major battle of the war for independence, the Spanish colonies in Latin America won their freedom. The future countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador were united into a country called Gran Colombia.

GARIBALDI: UNIFIER OF ITALY Giuseppe Garibaldi wanted a unified Italy under a republic style of government Garibaldi, who always wore a red shirt in battle, named his forces the “Redshirts”

BISMARCK: UNIFIER OF GERMANY Otto von Bismarck was the Prime Minister of Prussia in the 1860s Bismarck’s goal was the unification of the German states under the leadership of Prussia

In 1862, Bismarck makes his intentions known: “BLOOD AND IRON” In 1862, Bismarck makes his intentions known: “Germany will not be united through speeches and diplomacy, but through blood and iron.”

What is NATIONALISM? Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a nation of people. It is a sense of national identity exalting one nation above all others. It can be defined as pride in one’s nation, and it can also be defined as the desire of an ethnic group to have its own country.

Karl Marx introduced a radical form of socialism called communism With communism, there would be no more private property and the people would own all means of productions

Like socialists, communists want equality in society, but want to get it in a different way: Marx which predicted a war between the “haves” and “have nots”, where the workers would rise up and overthrow the privileged class

IMPERIALISM is the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country. The stronger country dominates weaker countries politically, economically, and socially. The reason: the stronger country gains power with the money it makes from using the weaker country.

MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM Some motives for imperialism included: (1) the desire to make money, (2) to expand and control foreign trade, (3) desire for raw materials (4) belief in “White Man’s Burden”

Based on the ideas behind “White Man’s Burden”, Europeans believed that they had the right and duty to bring the results of their progress to other “inferior” and “uncivilized” countries

The race for African colonies was so fierce that Europeans became afraid wars would break out

Japan’s Meiji emperor realized the best way to end Western influence was to modernize Japan sent diplomats to Europe and America to study Western ways and adapt them to their own country

Modernization in the Meiji era transformed Japan into the most industrial and militarized nation in Asia

The spark that ignited World War I was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist named Gavrilo Princip

ALLIED POWERS (formerly the Triple Entente) When War Breaks Out, Names and Alliances Change ALLIED POWERS (formerly the Triple Entente) CENTRAL POWERS (formerly the Triple Alliance) BRITAIN GERMANY FRANCE AUSTRIA-HUNGARY RUSSIA ITALY OTTOMAN EMPIRE

MILITARISM IMPERIALISM ALLIANCES From 1870 to 1914, a number of developments gradually increased tensions among the European powers that led to the outbreak of World War I The MILITARISM ALLIANCES IMPERIALISM NATIONALISM causes of World War I While peace and harmony characterized much of Europe at the beginning of the 1900s, there were less visible—and darker—forces at work as well. Below the surface of peace and goodwill, Europe witnessed several gradual developments that would ultimately help propel the continent into war. 32

On June 28, 1919, Germany and the major Allied Powers signed the Treaty of Versailles, ending World War I: Germany was forced to accept blame for the war and pay huge reparations

CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: By early 1917, citizens were rioting across Russia, blaming the Romanov czar for Russia’s terrible losses in World War I and for food and fuel shortages

Inspired by the ideas of Karl Marx and his “Communist Manifesto”, Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution of 1917 Vladimir Lenin’s message of “peace, land, and bread” helped him gain popularity among the Russian people

The Bolsheviks were victorious in the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War Lenin and the Bolsheviks transformed Russia into a Communist nation called the Soviet Union

After Lenin’s death, Joseph Stalin outmaneuvered (and sometimes murdered) his rivals and gained control of the Soviet Union Stalin quickly turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state; in a totalitarian state, the government and its leader have total control of the peoples’ lives

The Five Year Plans Stalin created a series of Five Year Plans to overhaul the Soviet economy and improve industry

Due to the economic depression, bitterness over WWI, and desperation, ruthless dictators (Hitler and Mussolini) were able to seize power in Germany and Italy

Hitler and Mussolini were both totalitarian dictators who had total control of their nations

Japan conquered northern China, then committed terrible atrocities, murdering about 300,000 unarmed soldiers and civilians during the “Rape of Nanking”

The Japanese tried to destroy the U. S The Japanese tried to destroy the U.S. Navy by attacking Pearl Harbor; this event drew the United States into World War II

THE ALLIES THE AXIS UNITED STATES GERMANY GREAT BRITAIN JAPAN SOVIET UNION ITALY AFTER PEARL HARBOR, THESE COUNTRIES WERE THE MAIN COMBATANTS OF WORLD WAR II

With victory in sight in Europe, the “Big Three” met at the Yalta Conference; they agreed to allow free elections in nations freed from Nazi control

The U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which finally made Japan surrender and ended World War II

After World War II, the Allies created the “United Nations”, which had the purpose of maintaining world peace

After WWII, the United States and the Soviet Union were the world’s two “superpowers” The most important change in U.S. foreign policy after WWII was the beginning of the Cold War The Cold War was an era of distrust & hostility between the USA & USSR from 1945-1991 It was an era of competing ideologies: The USA promoted democracy & capitalism while the USSR tried to spread communism The “Cold War” was the rivalry between the US and the USSR (or Soviet Union) where they competed militarily and economically

A “hot” war is a war fought the usual way: with weapons and soldiers; because of the threat of nuclear destruction, the US and USSR did not fight a “hot” war Instead, the USA and USSR engaged in a “cold” war, doing everything just short of openly fighting to hurt the enemy

Mutually Assured Destruction: If nuclear war happened, it would be likely that both sides would be destroyed, along with the rest of the world; this is what made the US and USSR hesitant to go to war

The “Marshall Plan” had the goal of stopping the spread of communism by providing money to war-torn European nations (making them economically strong enough to prevent communism from taking hold) M =

The United States formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a military alliance that had the goal of resisting Soviet aggression and protecting democratic nations

In response to NATO, the USSR and its Eastern European Communist satellites formed a bloc (military alliance) called the Warsaw Pact

Europe was divided by the figurative “iron curtain” that separated democratic/capitalist Western Europe from communist/totalitarian Eastern Europe “IRON CURTAIN”: nickname for the boundary between the two sides EASTERN EUROPE: Communism and Totalitarianism WESTERN EUROPE: Capitalism and Democracy

During the Cold War, the US and USSR engaged in an arms race, trying to build up their militaries and nuclear weapons

The USA was afraid of a “domino theory” in which communist nations make their neighbors fall to communism; this was the reason for U.S. intervention in Korea and Vietnam during the Cold War

After Stalin’s death, new USSR leader Nikita Khrushchev began a series of reforms known as “de-Stalinization”, which included releasing political prisoners and relaxing censorship

Mohandas Gandhi emerged as the leader of the Indian independence movement against European imperialism in the 1920s

Gandhi urged Indians to use non-violent means to achieve their goals, such as boycotts and peaceful protests

Yugoslavia broke up because of ethnic tensions between the various nations that made Yugoslavia up; wars broke out, such as the war between Serbia and Bosnia “Ethnic cleansing” is ridding a nation of certain ethnic groups; in this case the victims of the cleansing were Bosnian Muslims, who were imprisoned and murdered by the Serbians

In Rwanda, ethnic conflict between rival clans led to the Hutus massacring between 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi in 1994

The purpose of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is to regulate the supply and price of oil; it is similar to the European Union in that it promotes economic development for its member nations

Kemal was elected Turkey’s first president in 1923 and became known as “Ataturk” (Father of the Turks) As President, Kemal transformed Turkey into a modern nation, promoting reforms and modernization

The creation of Israel changed the history of the Middle East Homeless Jews who survived the Holocaust were granted territory in their ancestral homeland The Jews’ former homeland had been inside Palestine; the Palestinians (who are Muslim) were upset at the Jews taking over part of their land Wars broke out between Jews and Muslims, such as the Six Day War An organization called the PLO used suicide bombings against Israel in an effort to drive the Jews out 63

Terrorism is when people or groups use violence and fear to bring change to a government or society

The deadliest terrorist organization in recent history is al-Qaeda (“The Base”) Al-Qaeda was formed by Osama bin Laden, a Saudi Arabian from a wealthy family

On September 11, 2001, hijacked planes destroyed the World Trade Center and hit the Pentagon in Washington D.C.

After 9/11, President George W Bush declared a “war on terrorism” and sent troops to destroy al-Qaeda in Afghanistan

Thousands of Chinese students demanded democracy from their government and protested in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square in 1989

The Chinese government arrested and executed leaders of the protest Chinese soldiers and tanks attacked the crowd, killing hundreds of protestors The Chinese government arrested and executed leaders of the protest Check out this fun link to see what web sites are censored in china http://www.greatfirewallofchina.org http://www.greatfirewallofchina.org 69

Globalization led to an increase in multi-national corporations