Real Heat Engines Stirling heat engine

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Presentation transcript:

Real Heat Engines Stirling heat engine Internal combustion engine (Otto cycle) Diesel engine Steam engine (Rankine cycle) Stirling engine – a simple, practical heat engine using a gas as working substance. It’s more practical than Carnot, though its efficiency is pretty close to the Carnot maximum efficiency. The Stirling engine contains a fixed amount of gas which is transferred back and forth between a "cold" and and a "hot" end of a long cylinder. The "displacer piston" moves the gas between the two ends and the "power piston" changes the internal volume as the gas expands and contracts. The gases used inside a Stirling engine never leave the engine. There are no exhaust valves that vent high-pressure gasses, as in a gasoline or diesel engine, and there are no explosions taking place. Because of this, Stirling engines are very quiet. The Stirling cycle uses an external heat source, which could be anything from gasoline to solar energy to the heat produced by decaying plants. Today, Stirling engines are used in some very specialized applications, like in submarines or auxiliary power generators, where quiet operation is important. T 4 1 2 3 V2 V1 T1 T2

Internal Combustion Engines (Otto cycle) - engines where the fuel is burned inside the engine cylinder as opposed to that where the fuel is burned outside the cylinder (e.g., the Stirling engine). More economical than ideal-gas engines because a small engine can generate a considerable power. Otto cycle. Working substance – a mixture of air and vaporized gasoline. No hot reservoir – thermal energy is produced by burning fuel. P V 1 2 3 4 ignition exhaust work done by gas expansion compression work done on gas V1 V2 Patm intake/exhaust 0  1 intake (fuel+air is pulled into the cylinder by the retreating piston) 1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 isochoric heating 3  4 isentropic expansion 4  1  0 exhaust

S S1 S2 V2 V1 V - maximum cylinder volume - minimum cylinder volume - the compression ratio  = 1+2/f - the adiabatic exponent For typical numbers V1/V2 ~8 ,  ~ 7/5  e = 0.56, (in reality, e = 0.2 – 0.3) (even an “ideal” efficiency is smaller than the second law limit 1-T1/T3) S 3 4 S1 S2 2 1 V2 V1 V

Diesel engine

Steam engine (Rankine cycle) hot reservoir, TH Boiler heat Turbine work Pump heat Condenser processes at P = const,  Q=dH Boiler P cold reservoir, TC water 3 2 Pump Turbine 1 4 steam Water+steam V condense