Under the Guidance of Submitted by

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Presentation transcript:

Under the Guidance of Submitted by Project Title LED BASED STREET LIGHT WITH PROGRAMMABLE INTENSITY CONTROL USING SOLAR POWER FROM PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS Under the Guidance of Submitted by

ABSTRACT High Intensity Discharge lamps (HID) used for urban street light are based on principle of gas discharge, thus the intensity is not controllable by any voltage reduction method as the discharge path is broken. White Light Emitting Diode (LED) can replace the HID lamps where intensity control is possible by pulse width modulation. The intensity control helps in saving energy during late nights while traffic density on the streets is low. A programmable microcontroller is engaged to provide different intensities at the different times of late night for energy saving for solar based system, using a charge controller for battery charging, overload and deep discharge protection

PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS/SOLAR CELLS LM324 1N4007/1N4148 RESISTOR CAPACITOR HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS POWER SUPPLY BLOCK MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/AT89C51) SOLAR PANNEL LED PWM MOSFET PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS/SOLAR CELLS LM324 1N4007/1N4148 RESISTOR CAPACITOR

POWER SUPPLY Bridge rectifier 5v Regulator 230 V AC 50 Hz 5V DC Filter(470µf) 12V step down transformer

It is a smaller computer Has on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports... MICROCONTROLLER It is a smaller computer Has on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports... RAM ROM I/O Port Timer Serial COM Port Microcontroller CPU A single chip

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A MICRO CONTROLLER-AT89S52/51 CPU On-chip RAM On-chip ROM for program code 4 I/O Ports Timer 0 Serial Port OSC Interrupt Control External interrupts Timer 1 Timer/Counter Bus Control TxD RxD P0 P1 P2 P3 Address/Data Counter Inputs

Features of AT89S51/52 Compatible with MCS®-51 Products 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer

Pin Description

PWM(Pulse width modulation) The term duty cycle describes the proportion of on time to the regular interval or period of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on. The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. PWM works also well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the power supplied to the load is.

PWM(Pulse width modulation)

MOSFET(IRF 510) The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a device used for amplifying or switching electronic signals The basic principle of the device a voltage on the oxide-insulated gate electrode can induce a conducting channel between the two other contacts called source and drain It is by far the most common transistor in both digital and analog circuits, though the bipolar junction transistor was at one time much more common.

OPAMP LM324 Features Internally frequency compensated for unity gain Large DC voltage gain 100 dB Wideband with 1Mhz (Temperature compensated) Wide power supply range: Single supply 3V to 32V or dual supplies ±1.5V to ±16V Very low supply current drain (700 μA) essentially independent of supply voltage Low input biasing current 45 nA (temperature compensated) Low input offset voltage 2mV and offset current:5 nA Large output voltage swing 0V to V+ − 1.5V

BC547 (NPN –Transistor) The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. It is used in general-purpose switching and amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN general-purpose transistors. The ratio of two currents (Ic/Ib) is called the DC Current Gain of the device and is given the symbol of hfe or nowadays Beta, (β).

The current gain from the emitter to the collector terminal, Ic/Ie, is called Alpha, (α), and is a function of the transistor itself

1N4148 The 1N4148 is a standard small signal silicon diode used in signal processing. The 1N4148 is generally available in a DO-35 glass package and is very useful at high frequencies with a reverse recovery time of no more than 4ns. This permits rectification and detection of radio frequency signals very effectively, as long as their amplitude is above the forward conduction threshold of silicon (around 0.7V) or the diode is biased.

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of special materials called semiconductors such as silicon, which is currently the most commonly used. Basically, when light strikes the cell, a certain portion of it is absorbed within the semiconductor material. PV cells also all have one or more electric fields that act to force electrons freed by light absorption to flow in a certain direction. This flow of electrons is a current, and by placing metal contacts on the top and bottom of the PV cell, we can draw that current off to use externally.

SOLAR PANEL Expose the cell to light, and the energy from each photon (light particle) hitting the silicon, will liberate an electron and a corresponding hole. If this happens within range of the electric field’s influence, the electrons will be sent to the N side and the holes to the P one, resulting in yet further disruption of electrical neutrality This flow of electrons is a current; the electrical field in the cell causes a voltage and the product of these two is power

WORKING OF PROJECT Solar panel being a current source is used to change battery B1 via D10. While the battery is fully charged the voltage at cathode point of D10 goes up. This results in the set point voltage at pin 3 of U1:A to go up above the reference voltage because the potential divider formed out of R12, 5K variable resistor,R13 goes up. This results in pin no 1 of U1:A to go high to switch ‘ON’ the transistor Q1 that places drive voltage to the Mosfet IRF640 .such that the current from solar panel is bypassed via D11 and the Mosfet drain and source Simultaneously pin 7 of U1:B also goes high to drive a led D1 indicating battery is being fully charged Whenever the solar charge is low the circuit utilizes the power from battery, if the battery goes into deep discharge ,then it utilizes power from solar power then the Led’s flashes light

Software Requirements Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-time kernels, debuggers, simulators, integrated environments, evaluation boards, and emulators for ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3, XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051 MCU families. Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to object code. Desktop compilers produce an output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but not for other microprocessors.

i.e the programs written in one of the HLL like ‘C’ will compile the code to run on the system for a particular processor like x86 (underlying microprocessor in the computer). For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the Compilers for Unix platform  So if one wants to define a compiler then compiler is a program that translates source code into object code.

BIBILOGRAPHY “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems” by Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi , Pearson Education. ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets. www.atmel.com www.beyondlogic.org www.wikipedia.org www.howstuffworks.com www.alldatasheets.com

THANKYOU