Northern and Western Europe World Geography Today 1/22/2018 Northern and Western Europe Preview Section 1: The British Isles Section 2: France Section 3: The Benelux Countries Section 4: Scandinavia Chapter Wrap-Up Chapter 14

Section 1: The British Isles Read to Discover How has history affected the culture of the British Isles? Why are the cultures of Ireland and the United Kingdom similar? How has the British economy changed over the last 200 years? What issue has caused tension in Northern Ireland?

Section 1: The British Isles Question How has history affected the culture of the British Isles?

Section 1: The British Isles 5,000 years ago, earliest settlers left their mark at Stonehenge. Later, Celts—the ancestors of Scots, Welsh, and Irish—occupied England. Romans arrived and built towns. Angles and Saxons came and drove Celts to highland Britain. Vikings raided and built coastal settlements. Norman conquest of 1066 brought French influence.

Section 1: The British Isles Question What are the similarities and differences between the cultures of Ireland and Great Britain?

Cultures of Ireland and Great Britain Section 1: The British Isles Cultures of Ireland and Great Britain Ireland Great Britain • Democratic governments • English predominant language • Similar social life, sports • Republic • Predominantly Roman Catholic • Some Gaelic speakers • Constitutional monarchy • Predominantly Protestant

Section 1: The British Isles Changes in the British Economy Britain industrialized by the early 1800s. It dominated global trade through much of the 1800s. By 1900 Britain had lost its dominance; mines and industries declined. Britain nationalized many industries after World War II; later privatized them again. Today the economy is strong: high-tech industries, oil and gas, services, tourism.

Section 1: The British Isles Tensions in Northern Ireland Division between Protestants and Catholics has brought violence. Protestants are descendants of English and Scottish settlers. Irish Catholics are a large minority. Britain has tried to keep peace. 1998 agreement set up shared government, but future is unclear.

Section 2: France Read to Discover What is French culture like? What are some of the main industries in France? What challenges does France face today?

Features of French Culture Section 2: France Features of French Culture Successive waves of migrants included Gauls, Romans, Franks, Vikings Strong identity united by language and religion Mainly Roman Catholic Concern about American influence Strong desire to preserve customs

Section 2: France Major Industries Fashion design Perfumes and cosmetics Jewelry, glassware, furniture Tourism Farming—Wheat, sugar beets, olives, grapes, dairy products World’s leading wine producer High-Tech—Aviation, communications, space technology

What major issues and challenges does France face today? Section 2: France Question What major issues and challenges does France face today?

Section 2: France Issues and Challenges Facing France Today Integrating increasing numbers of new immigrants into French society Government’s influence over the economy; highly taxed and regulated Relations with former colonies, problems with overseas departments

Section 3: The Benelux Countries Read to Discover What historical ties do the Benelux countries share? What are the cities and economies of the Benelux countries like?

Section 3: The Benelux Countries Historical Ties Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg All once called the Netherlands Invaded by foreign powers Political and economic union after World War II (eventually led to the European Union)

Section 3: The Benelux Countries Question What are the characteristics of the major cities and economies of the Benelux countries?

Section 3: The Benelux Countries Economy Belgium: industry, agriculture, international business, diamond cutting, carpets, chocolate Netherlands: agriculture (dairy and flowers), diversified activities, many exports, natural gas Luxembourg: steel, international banking Major Cities Belgium: Brussels Netherlands: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague Luxembourg: Luxembourg

Section 3: The Benelux Countries Belgium Brussels—Cosmopolitan capital; headquarters of EU, NATO, many international corporations; good transportation connections Antwerp—Second city of Belgium; key port Industry, agriculture, services for international business, diamond cutting, carpets, chocolate

Section 3: The Benelux Countries The Netherlands Diversified economy—Agriculture (dairy, flowers), exports, natural gas Urbanized area (Randstad) includes major cities—Amsterdam (capital), Rotterdam (key port), The Hague (Parliament, International Court of Justice) Well-educated, productive populace

Section 3: The Benelux Countries Luxembourg Capital—Luxembourg Highest per capita GDP in world—$36,400 Traditional steel producer; international banking now more important Constitutional monarchy

Section 4: Scandinavia Read to Discover How are the cultures of Scandinavia similar to and different from each other? What does the economy of this region rely on? In what areas do most people in Scandinavia live?

What cultural characteristics do the Scandinavian countries share? Section 4: Scandinavia Question What cultural characteristics do the Scandinavian countries share?

Section 4: Scandinavia Similarities Differences Religion mainly Protestant Lutheran Most languages related Democratic governments Healthy, well-educated populations Long life spans and low birthrates Mostly urban populations Differences Finnish language not related to others Lapps a distinct culture

Section 4: Scandinavia Economic Foundations High-tech industries and export-oriented economies, especially in Finland and Sweden Commercial agriculture in Denmark Forest products in Sweden Fishing in Iceland and Norway Hydroelectric plants, offshore oil and gas in Norway

Section 4: Scandinavia Settlement Patterns Most people live in southern parts of countries, where climate is warmer. 85 percent of Swedes live in cities. One-fourth of Danes and Norwegians live in or around capital cities. Most Finns live near Helsinki. People in Greenland and Iceland live near coast.

Chapter Wrap-Up Understanding the Main Ideas World Geography Today 1/22/2018 Chapter Wrap-Up Understanding the Main Ideas How did Britain control a vast empire? How is it tied to former colonies today? How has Ireland’s economy changed in recent years? How have these changes influenced migration? What features make Paris the primate city of France? What are Belgium’s two language regions? How is the population of Scandinavian countries distributed with regard to cities? Chapter 14