Water Quality Testing.

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Presentation transcript:

Water Quality Testing

Water Quality Analysis Physical Factors including suspended materials (called suspended solids) and dissolved substances (dissolved solids) Chemical Factors including concentrations of ions, pollutants, etc… Biological Factors including presence of organisms, plankton, macroinvertebrates, fish, nutrients, etc…

Measuring Water Clarity Turbidity is a measure of the degree to which the water looses its transparency due to the presence of suspended particulates. A turbidity measurement could be used to provide an estimation of the TSS (Total Suspended Solids)

Causes of Turbidity There are various parameters influencing the cloudiness of the water. Some of these are: Phytoplankton Sediments from erosion Resuspended sediments from the bottom (frequently stir up by bottom feeders like carp) Waste discharge Algae growth Urban runoff

Ways to Measure Turbidity Turbidity is measured in NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Units. The instrument used for measuring it is called nephelometer, colorimeter or turbidimeter, which measures the intensity of light scattered at 90 degrees as a beam of light passes through a water sample. In lakes or bays, turbidity is measured with a secchi disk

Turbidity Values? Turbidity is measured in NTUs and sometimes FTUs (Forel Turbidity Units) No suspended solids present is a value of O NTU, while drinking water should be no more than 5 NTU

Colorimetry & Spectrophotometry One useful and often used way of determining the concentration of a chemical in a solution, if it has a color, is to measure the intensity of the color and relate the intensity of the color to the concentration of the solution. http://www.chm.davidson.edu/ChemistryApplets/spectrophotometry/Spectrophotometry.html

Colorimeter A Computerized Way to Conduct Water Quality Analysis while using Light to Analyze the Intensity of Chemical Reactivity. The results are direct readings.

Features of the Colorimeter The entire multi-LED optical system is embedded in the light chamber and optimized for test reagent systems. Can standardize with sample water and run multiple tests. The meter measures the intensity of the color and calculates most values in parts per million (ppm)

Chemical Factors: pH pH is a measure of the increase of Hydrogen ions in water Additional carbon dioxide in freshwater can decrease the pH, making the water body more acidic (dissolved gases) Runoff including the addition on ions in water is also important (i.e. – phosphates, chlorides, etc… that are dissolved solids)

Measuring pH Using a calibrated meter

Carbon Forms and pH of Water Bodies Carbonic acid (H2CO3), Bicarbonate (HCO3- ), and Carbonate (CO32-). H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3- = CO32- + 2H+ (4) More CO2 Bicarbonate Carbonate

Other Factors: Gases dissolved in water Water can hold gases, but the amount depends on the temperature of the water.

Gases in Water Gases can be measured in mg/L or ppm Gases can be tested using meters Gases could also be measured using test kits which include titration reactions…

Titration for O2 Dissolved Oxygen is sometimes referred to as DO The titration method to measure DO is called the Winkler Titration

Measuring Nutrients Nitrogen – Nitrates and Total Nitrate-Nitrogen* Phosphorus – Usually Phosphates*

Dissolved Solids: Salt ions measured in PPT or PSU

Salinity: a measure of dissolved ions Salinity is a measure of the dissolved cations and anions in water bodies. It can be chlorides, sodium, etc… Salinity is measured in parts salt per thousand parts water (PPT) or referred as PSU (practical salinity units) Since salt is comprised of ions, conductivity could be measured to determine salinity (most accurate method)

Conductivity: Meter Measuring the conductivity is an accurate way to determine salinity. Conductivity of ions is measured using the following two units… Freshwater = micro Siemens (uS) Saltwater = milli Siemens (mS)

Classification of Systems Nontidal Fresh 0 ppt, no tidal influence Tidal Fresh 0 - 1 ppt, tidal influence Oligohaline 2 - 5 ppt (slightly brackish) Mesohaline 8 - 15 ppt (brackish) Polyhaline 18 ppt and up (salt water)